I-Pharmaceutical Grade PVC Rigid Sheet-HSQY PLASTIC GROUP
Ipulasitiki ye-HSQY
I-HSQY-210616
0.12-0.30mm
Kucacile, Mhlophe, obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi, njll.
usayizi owenziwe ngokwezifiso
1000 kg.
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Incazelo Yomkhiqizo
I-HSQY inikeza ifilimu ye-PVC eqinile yezinga lemithi yokupakisha ama-blister akhiwe ngokushisa amaphilisi, ama-capsule kanye neminye imikhiqizo yomthamo oqinile ozinzile. Le filimu yenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngobukhulu obuhambisanayo, ukuncishiswa okulawulwayo, ukwakheka kwesikhala okuthembekile, ukusebenza kahle komshini kanye nokuhambisana ne-foil ye-blister yemithi.
Uhlu lwamanje lomkhiqizo luhlanganisa ifilimu ye-PVC eqinile engu-0.12mm–0.30mm ngemibala ecacile, emhlophe futhi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso ecacile noma engacacile. Ububanzi bomgoqo, ububanzi obuyinhloko, ububanzi bomgoqo, ukushelela kobuso, ukuvikelwa kwe-UV, umbala kanye nokupakisha kungenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokuya ngomshini we-blister kanye nencazelo yokupakisha evunyiwe.
Izinto: I-PVC eqinile yezinga lezemithi
Ubukhulu: 0.12mm–0.30mm
Ifomethi Yokunikezela: I-Slit roll noma i-roll eyenziwe ngokwezifiso
Imibala: Imibala ecacile, emhlophe, ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu, ophuzi kanye nemibala eyenziwe ngokwezifiso
Isicelo esiyinhloko: Amaphakethe e-Thermoformed blister amaphilisi nama-capsule
I-MOQ: 1,000kg ohlwini lomkhiqizo lwamanje
Ifilimu ye-PVC yezemithi ecacile
Ifilimu ye-PVC yezemithi enemibala
Ifilimu ye-PVC eqinile yemithi iyi-web ye-thermoforming ehlanganisiwe noma ekhishwe esetshenziswa njengento yokwakha emaphaketheni e-blister aphushayo. Ifilimu iyashiswa, yenziwe ibe yizimbobo, igcwaliswe ngamaphilisi noma ama-capsule bese ivalwa nge-foil ye-aluminium ehambisanayo.
I-PVC engenalutho inikeza ukupakishwa okungabizi, ukucaca okuhle kanye ne-thermoforming ethembekile yezakhiwo ezizinzile noma eziphansi kakhulu ezizwela umswakama. Imikhiqizo ezwela kakhulu ingadinga i-PVC/PVDC, i-PVC/PE/PVDC, i-PVC/PCTFE noma izakhiwo ze-aluminium ezibandayo ezikhethwe ngokuhlolwa kokuqina kanye nezithiyo.
Ukucaciswa komkhiqizo: Leli khasi lenzelwe ifilimu ye-PVC blister eqinile yezinga lemithi elula. Ifilimu ye-duplex ye-PVC/PVDC, ifilimu ye-triplex ye-PVC/PE/PVDC, ama-laminate e-suppository noma oketshezi lomlomo kanye neshidi le-thermoforming ledivayisi yezokwelapha kuyizakhiwo ezihlukene futhi akufanele kwabelwane ngethebula elilodwa lemininingwane.
| Yendawo | Imininingwane |
|---|---|
| Igama lomkhiqizo | Ifilimu ye-PVC eqinile yebanga lezemithi yokupakisha ama-blister |
| Izinto | I-Mono rigid PVC eyenzelwe ukwakha ama-blister emithi |
| Ubukhulu | 0.12mm–0.30mm; amageyiji ajwayelekile emithi avame ukufaka phakathi u-0.20mm, 0.25mm kanye no-0.30mm |
| Ububanzi | Ububanzi besikhala esenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokuya ngomshini we-blister kanye namathuluzi |
| Ububanzi be-core | 76mm noma 152mm, kuncike ekucacisweni komshini kanye nokugoqwa |
| Inkomba yobuningi | Cishe 1.36–1.42g/cm³, kuye ngokwakheka nombala |
| Umbala | Ingilazi ecacile, emhlophe engacacile, ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza, ewolintshi, ebomvu, ephuzi noma eyenziwe ngezifiso |
| Inketho yokuvikela ukukhanya | Isifutho se-UV noma umbala ongacacile kuncike ekubunjweni nasekuzinzeni komkhiqizo |
| Ubuso | Ubuso obucwebezelayo obubushelelezi obunokusebenza okushelelayo nokuvimbelayo |
| Indlela yokukhiqiza | Ukufaka ikhalenda noma ukukhipha ngokwezinga elivunyelwe |
| Uhlobo lokwakha | Ukufakwa kwe-thermoforming emishinini yokupakisha i-blister ejikelezayo noma eyisicaba ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa komugqa |
| Ukuhambisana kwesivalo | I-foil ye-aluminium ephushwayo ene-lacquer yokuvala ukushisa ehambisana ne-PVC |
| Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinhloko | Amaphilisi, ama-capsule kanye nemikhiqizo yemithi eqinile enomthamo oqinile |
| I-MOQ | 1,000kg; imibala eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kanye namamaki akhethekile kungadinga inani eliphakeme |
| Isikhathi esiholayo | Ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-7-15 ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kwemininingwane, isampula, isivumelwano sekhwalithi kanye nemigomo yezentengiselwano |
| Uhlobo lwe-PVC | Izici Zokucubungula | Ukukhetha Okuvamile |
|---|---|---|
| I-PVC ye-Homopolymer | Ukuziphatha okujwayelekile kwe-thermoforming kwesivinini esijwayelekile somshini kanye ne-geometry evamile yesikhala | Amaphakethe ajwayelekile e-tablet kanye ne-capsule blister |
| I-Copolymer PVC | Ukwakheka kahle kokushisa okuthuthukisiwe ekushiseni okuphansi kanye nesivinini somugqa esingaba phezulu | Imiklamo yemigodi eyinkimbinkimbi, ejulile noma edingayo |
| Sesakhiwo | Lesithiyo | Izinga | Inothi Lokukhetha |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-PVC eqinile ecacile | Umswakama oyisisekelo kanye nesithiyo se-oxygen | Amaphilisi nama-capsule aqinile, angewona a-hygroscopic | Kuyonga futhi kulula ukukuguqula ube yi-thermoform |
| I-duplex ye-PVC/PVDC | Umswakama ophakathi kuya kophezulu kanye nesithiyo se-oxygen | Izakhi ezithinta umswakama ngokumaphakathi | Khetha isisindo sokumboza se-PVDC usebenzisa ukuqina kanye nedatha yendawo yesimo sezulu |
| I-PVC/PE/PVDC triplex | Isithiyo esiphakathi kuya kwesiphezulu esinomthelela othuthukisiwe kanye nokuziphatha okwakhayo | Ukwakheka okubucayi kanye nemigodi emikhulu noma ejulile | I-PE iwungqimba oluphakathi nendawo; lokhu kungumkhiqizo ohlukile onamathelisiwe |
| I-PVC/PCTFE | Isithiyo somswakama ophezulu | Imikhiqizo ezwela kakhulu umswakama edinga ukupakishwa okusobala | Izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo eziphakeme kanye nesakhiwo esikhethekile |
| I-aluminiyamu ebandayo | Isithiyo esicishe sibe siphelele kumswakama, umoya-mpilo kanye nokukhanya | Izakhi zemithi ezizwela kakhulu | Isakhiwo esingabonakali esinophawu olukhulu lwephakheji |
1. Ukwakheka kwe-thermoforming okuthembekile: Ukuthambisa okulawulwayo kanye nokuncipha kusekela ukwakheka kwe-cavity okuqhubekayo emigqeni ye-blister ejikelezayo neyisicaba ehambisanayo.
2. Ukucaca okuhle: Amamaki acacile avumela ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwefomu lomthamo futhi asekele ukuvezwa okukhangayo kwezitolo.
3. Izinketho zombala kanye ne-UV: Amazinga aphuzi, angacacile kanye namazinga athinta i-UV angathuthukiswa ngemikhiqizo ezwela ukukhanya ngemva kokuhlolwa kokuzinza.
4. Ukuvumelana kobukhulu: Ukuqina okuzinzile, ububanzi kanye nokubhaliswa komshini wokusekela ukusebenza okuhlelekile kanye nokuvalwa.
5. Indawo yokuvala ehambisanayo: I-PVC eqinile engaguquki ingavala i-foil yesivalo se-aluminium evunyiwe isebenzisa i-lacquer yokuvala ukushisa ehambisana ne-PVC.
6. Imiqulu eyenziwe ngokwezifiso: Ububanzi be-slit, umongo, ububanzi be-roll, umbala, ukushelela kobuso kanye nokupakisha kungafaniswa nomugqa we-blister.
7. Amadokhumenti eqembu: Amarekhodi okuhlola, amalebula kanye namadokhumenti omthetho afanele anganikezwa ngokwencazelo yekhwalithi evunyelwene ngayo.
Ukusebenza kokwakha amabhamuza kuncike ebangeni le-PVC, igeyiji, ukuma kwesikhala, ukwakheka kwe-heater, ingcindezi yokwakheka, isivinini somugqa kanye nokupholisa. Ukuhlolwa komshini kufanele kuqedwe ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa kwezentengiselwano.
Izinga lokushisa lokwakha: Sungula ifasitela lokucubungula eliqinisekisiwe lezinga eliqondile le-PVC kanye nomshini.
I-geometry ye-Cavity: Imigodi ejulile noma eyinkimbinkimbi ingadinga izinga le-copolymer, i-gauge ephezulu noma isakhiwo esihlukile sokuvimbela.
Ukuphathwa kwewebhu: Qinisekisa ukungezwani kokugoba, ukulawula okungaguquki, ukuqondanisa umphetho, ukuba yisicaba kanye nokushelela komphezulu.
Ukuvala: Fanisa ubuso be-PVC, i-lacquer yokuvala ukushisa kwe-aluminium, izinga lokushisa lokuvala, ingcindezi kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala.
Ukuphrinta: Ngefilimu ye-blister ephrintiwe, qinisekisa ukunamathela kweyinki, ukumelana nokuhlikihla, ukupholisa, ukubhaliswa kanye nezidingo zokufuduka.
Ukulawula ushintsho: Izinguquko ze-resin, izithasiselo, umbala, igeyiji noma inqubo kufanele ziphathwe ngaphansi kohlelo lwekhwalithi yemithi oluvunyelwene ngalo.
Ukupakisha ama-blister ethebhulethi: Izimbobo ezijwayelekile zethebhulethi eziyindilinga, ezimise okweqanda noma ezimise okweqanda kusetshenziswa i-PVC eqinile noma enemibala ecacile.
Ukupakishwa kwe-capsule blister: Imigodi eyenziwe nge-thermoformed eklanyelwe ukulingana kwe-capsule kanye nesivinini somugqa.
Amaphakethe avikela ukukhanya: I-PVC ephuzi, engacacile noma emunca i-UV ekhethwe ngokuhlolwa kokuqina komkhiqizo.
Amathileyi namagobolondo emishini yezokwelapha: Kudinga izinga lokupakisha lezokwelapha elivunyelwe ngokwehlukana kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuhlanza, ubuqotho besivalo kanye nokusebenza kokuvimbela okuhlanzekile.
Ukupakishwa koketshezi noma kwe-suppository: Ngokuvamile kudinga i-PVC/PE noma esinye isakhiwo esinamathelisiwe kunefilimu ye-blister ye-PVC eqinile.
Hlola Uhla lwamafilimu e-PVC emithi e-HSQY lwezakhiwo ze-PVC ezicacile nezinomkhawulo ophezulu.
Ifilimu ye-PVC Yokupakisha Kwemithi Okuqinile
Ukupakisha Okucacile Kwe-PVC Blister
I-PVC Laminate ehlukile yokupakishwa kwemithi yoketshezi
I-PVC ye-blister yemithi engavamile akufanele ichazwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengefanele ukubulala amagciwane ku-190°C. Izinto zokupakisha zedivayisi yezokwelapha zingahlolwa ukuze kutholakale i-ethylene oxide, i-gamma, i-electron-beam noma i-plasma sterilization, kodwa ukuhambisana kuncike ebangeni eliqondile le-PVC, i-APET noma i-PETG, umthamo, umjikelezo kanye nomklamo wephakheji.
Umthwalo wemfanelo wokupakisha okungenamagciwane: Ukungabi namagciwane kufezwa futhi kugcinwe uhlelo oluphelele oluqinisekisiwe, okuhlanganisa ithileyi, izinto zokumboza, uphawu, umjikelezo wokubulala amagciwane, ukuhlolwa kokusatshalaliswa kanye nocwaningo lwesikhathi sokuphila eshalofini. Ishidi ledatha le-PVC elijwayelekile lodwa aliqinisekisi ukuhambisana nezithiyo ezingenamagciwane.
Abathengi bemithi kufanele bafanelekele izinga eliqondile lefilimu kunokuthembela kuphela ezitifiketini ezijwayelekile ze-SGS, RoHS noma ze-ISO. Amadokhumenti adingekayo ancike efomini lomthamo, imakethe, uhlobo lokuxhumana kanye nohlelo lwekhwalithi yamakhasimende.
Imininingwane yomkhiqizo: Ubukhulu, ububanzi, umbala, ubuso, ukuncishiswa, umthelela, ukucushwa komqingo kanye nemikhawulo yokukhubazeka.
Ukuhlolwa komthetho: I-monomer ye-vinyl chloride esele, izinto ezikhishwayo, ukufuduka, ukuhlonza kanye nokuhlolwa kobuthi lapho kufanele khona.
Izidingo ze-Pharmacopoeial: I-USP esebenzayo, i-European Pharmacopoeia, i-Chinese Pharmacopoeia noma amazinga emakethe okuya kuwo.
Imibhalo yesistimu yekhwalithi: Isitifiketi sendawo yokukhiqiza, ukulawula ushintsho, ukulandeleka, ukuphathwa kokuphambuka kanye namarekhodi okukhishwa kweqoqo.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwephakheji yemithi: Ukuqina, ukuhambisana, ubuqotho besivalo kanye nesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi kusalokhu kungumthwalo wemfanelo womnikazi womkhiqizo wemithi.
• Ubukhulu, igrama, ububanzi bomqhewu kanye nokubekezelela ububanzi
• Ukucaca, inkungu, ukucwebezela, umbala kanye nokudluliswa kwe-UV lapho kuchazwe khona
• Ukuncipha, ukuziphatha okuthambisayo kanye nokuvumelana kwe-thermoforming
• Amandla okushaya, izakhiwo zokudonsa kanye nokuphathwa kokugoqa
• Amajeli, amabala amnyama, amehlo enhlanzi, imihuzuko, imigqa, amabhamuza kanye nokungcola
• Ukulala phansi, ukugoba, ukuvimba, ukushelela kobuso kanye nokuziphatha okungaguquki
• Isimo esiyinhloko, amalunga, ukugoqa, amalebula, ukulandeleka kweqembu kanye nokupakisha okuvikelayo
Amafayela alandelayo agcinwe ekhasini lokuqala. Izihloko zawo zibonisa idatha yeshidi le-PVC ejwayelekile kunencazelo yefilimu ye-blister yemithi enikezelwe. Cela amadokhumenti amanje ebanga lemithi ukuze uthole ikhodi yomkhiqizo eqondile ngaphambi kokufaneleka.
Ukupakisha Okubunjiwe Kwefilimu ye-PVC
Ukupakisha Iphalethi Lefilimu ye-PVC
Ukuvikelwa komqulu: Umqulu ngamunye ungasongwa ngefilimu emnyama ye-PE noma esinye isivikelo esivunyelwene ngaso ukuze uvikeleke othulini, ekukhanyeni nasemswakama.
Ukuvikela okuphakathi: Sebenzisa ama-core ephepha noma epulasitiki ahlanzekile, angenawo ama-burr aneziphetho ezivikelwe kanye namalebula omkhiqizo.
Ibhokisi nephalethi: Amaroli angapakishwa emabhokisini futhi aboshwe kumaphalethi e-plywood athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Indawo Yokugcina: Gcina ifilimu ephaketheni layo lokuqala endaweni ehlanzekile, eyomile, enomoya opholile kude nokukhanya kwelanga, ukushisa kanye nokungcola.
Ukulungisa: Vumela imiqulu ifinyelele izinga lokushisa legumbi lokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokuvula nokucubungula ukuze kuncishiswe ukujiya.
Isikhathi Sokugcina: Qinisekisa isikhathi sokugcina esivunyiwe bese uhlola kabusha izidingo zomkhiqizo kanye nesitifiketi sokuhlaziywa.
I-HSQY inganikeza inkampani efanele, uhlelo lwekhwalithi kanye nemibhalo yomuntu wesithathu ngokuya ngomkhiqizo okhethiwe. Iziqu zemithi kumele zisekelwe kumadokhumenti ahlanganisa ibanga eliqondile nendawo yokukhiqiza, hhayi esithombeni sesitifiketi esijwayelekile kuphela.

Umbukiso waseShanghai ka-2017
Umbukiso waseShanghai ka-2018
Umbukiso waseSaudi ka-2023
Umbukiso waseMelika ka-2023
Umbukiso wase-Australia ka-2024
Umbukiso waseMelika ka-2024
Umbukiso waseMexico ka-2024
Umbukiso waseParis ka-2024
1. Isakhiwo sefilimu: Qinisekisa i-PVC engenalutho, i-PVC/PVDC, i-PVC/PE/PVDC noma esinye isakhiwo esidingekayo.
2. Ubukhulu nokubekezelelana: Nikeza igeyiji edingekayo kanye nokwehluka okuvunyiwe.
3. Ubukhulu bomgoqo: Nikeza ububanzi bomgoqo, ububanzi obuphakathi, ububanzi obungaphandle, ubude bomgoqo noma isisindo somgoqo.
4. Ukuvikelwa kombala nokukhanya: Sho izidingo ezicacile, eziphuzi, ezingabonakali noma ezimunca i-UV.
5. Umshini we-Blister: Nikeza uhlobo lomshini, imodeli, uhlobo lokwakha, isivinini somugqa kanye nomdwebo womgodi.
6. Ukuzwela kwezidakamizwa: Nikeza izidingo zokuzinza kanye nezithiyo ngaphandle kokudalula imininingwane eyimfihlo yokwakheka.
7. Imakethe elawulayo: Sho amazwe oya kuwo kanye nemibhalo edingekayo ye-pharmacopoeial, i-DMF noma yamakhasimende.
8. Imininingwane yezentengiselwano: Nikeza inani lesilingo, isidingo sonyaka, ukupakisha, ichweba lokuya kulo kanye nesheduli yokulethwa.
Iyifilimu eqinile yokushisa esetshenziswa njengewebhu eyakha imbobo emaphaketheni ama-blister emithi. Iyashiswa, yakheke, igcwaliswe ngamaphilisi noma ama-capsule bese ivalwa ku-foil yokumboza ehambisanayo.
Cha. I-PVC engenalutho ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakheka okuzinzile noma okuzwela umswakama kancane. Imikhiqizo ebucayi ingadinga i-PVDC, i-PCTFE noma i-aluminium ebandayo ngemuva kokuhlolwa kokuqina.
I-PVC engenalutho inikeza isisekelo esingashintshwa sibe yisithiyo esiyisisekelo. I-PVC/PVDC yengeza ungqimba lwe-PVDC olwandisa ukumelana nomhwamuko wamanzi nomoya-mpilo.
I-PVC/PVDC iyisakhiwo esimbozwe kabili. I-PVC/PE/PVDC iyi-triplex laminate enesendlalelo esiphakathi se-PE esiguquguqukayo esingathuthukisa ukumelana nokushayisana kanye nokusebenza kokwakheka.
Lolu hlu lomkhiqizo luhlanganisa u-0.12mm–0.30mm. Ama-blister gauge avamile emithi afaka u-0.20mm, 0.25mm kanye no-0.30mm, kuye ngezidingo zomshini kanye nomgodi.
Yebo. Imibala ecacile, ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ebomvu, ephuzi, emhlophe engacacile kanye neminye ingathuthukiswa. Ukuvikelwa kombala kanye ne-UV kumele kuvunyelwe ngokumelene nezidingo zomuthi zokuzwela ukukhanya.
Amabanga ahambisanayo angasebenza emigqeni yama-blister ejikelezayo kanye neyasembhedeni oyisicaba. Izinga lokushisa elakhayo, isivinini somugqa, ukucindezeleka, i-geometry yesikhala kanye nezimo zokuvala zidinga ukuqinisekiswa.
Sebenzisa i-foil ye-aluminium ephushwayo yemithi eboshwe nge-lacquer yokuvala ukushisa ehambisana ne-PVC. Qinisekisa amandla okuvala, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala.
I-PVC ejwayelekile akufanele ichazwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njenge-antistatic. Cacisa ububanzi obudingekayo bokumelana nobuso kanye nobude uma kudingeka ukulawula okungaguquki.
Akunasidingo sokufaka inzalo esijwayelekile esingu-190°C. Ukuhambisana kokufaka inzalo kuncike ebangeni eliqondile lokupakisha kanye nendlela eqinisekisiwe, njenge-ethylene oxide, i-gamma, i-electron beam noma i-plasma.
Cha. I-PVC evamile ayiboli ngokushesha futhi ayifaneleki ukwenza umquba ekhaya. Izimangalo zemvelo kumele zibonise ukubuyiswa kwezinto zangempela kanye nengqalasizinda yemfucuza yendawo.
Amathileyi namagobolondo emishini yezokwelapha adinga izinga lokupakisha lezokwelapha elivunyelwe ngokwehlukile kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuhlanza, ukuvimbela ukungcola, ukuqina kophawu, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokuphila kweshalofu.
Cela imininingwane yomkhiqizo wamanje, isitifiketi sokuhlaziywa, ukuhlolwa kwe-pharmacopoeial noma kwemithetho esebenzayo, amadokhumenti endawo yokukhiqiza, ulwazi lokulawula ushintsho kanye nokulandelelwa kweqoqo.
Amasampula atholakalayo anganikezwa ukuze akhe, avale, aphrinte futhi ahlole ukuzinza. Nikeza igeyiji, ububanzi bomqhekezo, umongo, umbala, umshini kanye nobude besampula obudingekayo.
Uhlu lwamanje lomkhiqizo luthi 1,000kg. Imibala eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, amageyiji akhethekile kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi ezengeziwe kungathinta i-MOQ yokugcina.
Thumela isakhiwo sefilimu, ubukhulu, ububanzi bomqhewu, umongo, ububanzi bomqulu, umbala, imodeli yomshini, umthamo wonyaka, imakethe yokulawula, ukupakisha kanye nembobo yokuya kuyo.
I-HSQY Plastic Group inikeza ifilimu ye-PVC eqinile kanye nezakhiwo zokupakisha ama-blister ezihlobene kubaguquli bokupakisha bemithi kanye nabakhiqizi bemithi. Le nkampani isekela amageyiji enziwe ngokwezifiso, ububanzi be-slit, imibala, ukumiswa kwe-roll, amasampula kanye nokupakisha okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuze uthole isincomo esifanele ngokobuchwepheshe, nikeza umshini we-blister, i-cavity geometry, ukuzwela kohlobo lomthamo, imakethe eqondiwe kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi. I-HSQY ingabe isihlola i-PVC ecacile noma idlulisele iphrojekthi esakhiweni se-PVC/PVDC noma se-PVC/PE/PVDC esinomkhawulo ophezulu.
Udinga ifilimu ye-PVC yemithi yomugqa we-blister?
Thumela igeyiji yakho, ububanzi bomngxunya, umongo, imodeli yomshini, umdwebo womgodi, umbala, isidingo sonyaka kanye nemakethe yokulawula ukuze uthole uhlelo lwesampula kanye nesilinganiso.
Xhumana ne-HSQY PlasticIsigaba Somkhiqizo
Ake Sithole Isixazululo Esifanele Sepulasitiki