Ifilimu Eqinile Ye-PVC/PE Laminated Yokupakisha Kwemithi

Ifilimu Eqinile Ye-PVC/PE Laminated Yokupakisha Kwemithi

I-HSQY Plastic Group inikeza ifilimu eqinile ye-PVC/PE elaminethiwe yabaguquli bokupakisha bemithi, abakhiqizi bokupakisha bezokwelapha, abaprosesa be-thermoforming, kanye nabasabalalisi bamafilimu ezimboni. Izinto zokwakha zihlanganisa ungqimba lwe-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) oluqinile ne-polyethylene (PE) lamination yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokupakisha ezidinga isakhiwo esichaziwe sokwakheka nokuvala.

Ifilimu ye-PVC/PE laminated isetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezifanele zokulungisa ukushisa kanye nokupakisha lapho ukuqina kwezinto, ubukhulu befilimu, ukwakhiwa kwezingqimba, kanye nezici zokuvala kumele kuhambisane nemishini yokupakisha. Izinketho zefilimu ezicacile nezinemibala zifakiwe kuhlu lomkhiqizo.

Imininingwane yomkhiqizo ifaka phakathi ubukhulu obusukela ku-0.15mm kuya ku-1.5mm, ububanzi obungu-840mm nangaphezulu, kanye nobubanzi obungaphakathi obungu-76mm. Isakhiwo sezinto, ubukhulu besendlalelo, ubukhulu bomqulu, nezinye izidingo zingachazwa ngokuya ngomkhiqizo okhethiwe kanye nenqubo yokuguqula.

Ukufaneleka kwefilimu ye-PVC/PE elaminethiwe ekupakisheni kwemithi noma kwezokwelapha kuncike ekwakhiweni kwayo okuphelele, ukuxhumana komkhiqizo okuhlosiwe, uhlelo lokuvala, izidingo zokuvimbela, kanye nemibhalo yekhwalithi efanele. Abaguquli bokupakisha kufanele bafanelekele isakhiwo esikhethiwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano.

Ividiyo Yefilimu Yokupakisha Yemithi ye-PVC

Iyini ifilimu eqinile ye-PVC/PE Laminated Rigid?

Ifilimu eqinile ye-PVC/PE laminated iyinto yokufaka yepulasitiki enezingqimba eziningi ehlanganisa i-polyvinyl chloride ne-polyethylene. I-PVC eqinile inikeza ungqimba oluyisakhiwo, kuyilapho ungqimba lwe-PE lusebenza imisebenzi enqunywa umklamo we-laminate, njengokuhambisana nesakhiwo sokuvala esihlosiwe.

Ukusebenza okuphelele kuncike ekujiyeni nasekubunjweni kwesendlalelo ngasinye, indlela ye-lamination, kanye nesakhiwo sokupakisha esiqediwe. Lezi zici zithonya ukuziphatha kwe-thermoforming, ukusebenza komshini, izimo zokuvala, kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela.

Kubathengi bezimboni, ifilimu ye-PVC/PE laminated kufanele ihlukaniswe kumafilimu e-PVC aqinile, i-PVC/PVDC, kanye ne-PVC/EVOH/PE. Lezi yizakhiwo zezinto ezihlukile futhi zingaklanywa ngokwezidingo ezahlukene zokupakisha.

Izithombe Zomkhiqizo Wefilimu Elaminethiwe ye-PVC/PE

Imininingwane yefilimu yokuPakisha ye-PVC/PE yezemithi

I-HSQY inikeza amafilimu aqinisiwe asekelwe ku-PVC okuguqulwa kokupakisha kwezimboni. Ukwakhiwa kwefilimu, ubukhulu, imininingwane yomqulu, kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe kufanele kuchazwe ngokwenqubo yokupakisha ehlosiwe.

Izici Eziyinhloko ze-PVC/PE Laminated Film

• I-PVC kanye ne-PE Lamination: Isakhiwo sefilimu esihlanganisiwe esihlanganisa ungqimba lwe-PVC oluqinile ne-polyethylene.

• Izicelo Zokwenza I-Thermoforming: Amabanga afanele angahlolwa ngezinqubo zokupakisha ezidinga imigodi eyakhiwe noma izingxenye zokupakisha eziqinile.

• Ukuhambisana Kokuvala: I-laminate ephelele kufanele ihambisane nezinto zokuvala kanye nezimo zenqubo.

• Izinketho Ezibonakalayo Nezinemibala: Ukubukeka kwefilimu kungachazwa ngezidingo ezahlukene zokupakisha.

• Ubukhulu Nokukhethwa Kobubanzi: Ubukhulu befilimu bungaxoxwa ngokuya ngemishini yokuguqula ehlosiwe.

• Izidingo Zezakhiwo Zemishini: Ukuziphatha kokuguquguquka, ukumelana nokushayisana, kanye nokuqina kobukhulu kufanele kuhlolwe ngokwezinga lefilimu elikhethiwe.

• Ukukhethwa Kokusebenza Kwesithiyo: Izici zokudlulisa umswakama kanye nomoya-mpilo ezidingekayo kufanele zinqunywe kusetshenziswa isakhiwo esiphelele se-laminate kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ezifanele.

• Ukunikezwa Kwezimboni: Izinto zefilimu zabaguquli bokupakisha, abakhiqizi, abangenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe, kanye nabathengi abathengisa ngobuningi.

Ifilimu ye-PVC/PE vs. Ezinye Izakhiwo Zokupakisha ze-PVC

Isakhiwo sefilimu esisekelwe ku-PVC esifanele sincike kumkhiqizo opakishiwe, izidingo zokuvimbela, inqubo yokwakha nokuvala, kanye nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezisebenzayo. I-PVC/PE, i-PVC/PVDC, kanye ne-PVC/EVOH/PE kufanele zichazwe njengezakhiwo zezinto ezihlukile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-PVC/PE Laminated Rigid Film

Ukuguqulwa Kokupakisha Kwemithi

Ifilimu ene-laminated ye-PVC/PE ingahlolwa ukuze isetshenziswe ekupakisheni imithi lapho isakhiwo sezinto ezikhethiwe sihlangabezana nezici zokwakheka, ukuvala kanye nokuvikela umkhiqizo ezidingekayo. Ukukhethwa kwezinto kufanele kucabangele umuthi opakishiwe, izimo zokuxhumana ezihlosiwe kanye nezidingo zomshini wokupakisha.

Ukupakishwa Komkhiqizo Wezokwelapha Nokunakekelwa Kwezempilo

Amafilimu akhethiwe asekelwe ku-PVC angacatshangelwa izinhlelo zokupakisha zezokwelapha nezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Izicelo ezibandakanya imikhiqizo engcolile noma ukuxhumana okuqondile namadivayisi ezokwelapha zidinga iziqu ezithile zezinto, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuhlolwa komthetho.

Ukupakishwa Kwenyama Entsha Neyenziwe Ngobungcweti

Uhla lwemikhiqizo luhlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaba khona zokupakisha inyama entsha necutshunguliwe. Ifilimu ekhethiwe kufanele ihlolwe ukuze ihlole ukuhambisana nokudla, izici zokwakha, izimo zokuvala kanye nanoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwesithiyo segesi noma umswakama okudingekayo.

Ukupakishwa Kwezinkukhu, Inhlanzi, Ushizi kanye nePasta

Izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki eziqinile nezinamathelisiwe zingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokupakisha izinkukhu, inhlanzi, ushizi kanye ne-pasta uma ukwakheka kwefilimu kanye nephakethe eliphelele kuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhiqizo othile wokudla kanye nemakethe eqondiwe.

Ukuguqulwa Kwesimo Sezulu kanye Nokupakishwa Kwe-Vacuum

Ekupakishweni komoya okuguquliwe (i-MAP) kanye nokupakishwa kwe-vacuum, abakhiqizi kufanele basungule isakhiwo sefilimu esidingekayo, izinga lokudluliswa komoya-mpilo, izinga lokudluliswa komhwamuko wamanzi kanye nobuqotho bokuvala. Ifilimu ye-PVC/PE kufanele ihlolwe ngokuhambisana nalezi zidingo kunokuthi kucatshangwe ukuthi inikeza ukusebenza okufanayo ne-barrier laminate ezinikele.

Izithombe Zokufaka Isicelo

Indlela Yokukhetha Ifilimu ye-PVC/PE Yokukhiqiza Ukupakisha

1. Qinisekisa Ukwakheka Kwezinto Ezidingekayo

Cacisa ukuthi impahla edingekayo iyi-PVC/PE noma enye ifilimu elaminethiwe esekelwe ku-PVC. Uma kudingeka i-PVC/PE, nikeza ubukhulu befilimu obuphelele, ubukhulu besendlalelo ngasinye kanye nanoma yiziphi izidingo zokwakheka kwezinto ezidingekayo.

2. Qondanisa Ubukhulu Befilimu Nemishini Yokupakisha

Ububanzi befilimu, ukujiya, ububanzi bokugoqa, usayizi oyinhloko kanye nezidingo zokugoqa kumele zihambisane nemishini yokuguqula. Abathengi kufanele banikeze imodeli yabo yomshini, indlela yokwakha kanye nokubekezelelana okufanele kobukhulu.

3. Cacisa Uhlelo Lokuvala

Ukusebenza kokugcina kokuvala kuncike esakhiweni se-laminate, ifilimu yokuhlanganisa noma izinto zokumboza, izinga lokushisa lokuvala, ingcindezi kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala. Lezi zimo zokusebenza kufanele zihlolwe ngemishini yangempela yokupakisha.

4. Chaza Izidingo Zokusebenza Kwesithiyo

Emikhiqizweni epakishiwe ezwela umoya-mpilo noma ezwela umswakama, abathengi kufanele bahlonze amanani adingekayo e-OTR kanye ne-WVTR, izimo zokuhlola kanye nezindlela zokusebenza zokupakisha ezifanele. Ukwakhiwa kwefilimu ephelele kumele kuhlolwe ngokuhambisana nalezi zidingo.

5. Buyekeza Ikhwalithi Yezinto Ezibalulekile Nezidingo Zokulawula

Izicelo zemithi kanye nokupakisha ukudla zingadinga imininingwane yezinto ezibonakalayo, ulwazi lokwakheka, ukuhlolwa kokufuduka, izifundo zokuhambisana komkhiqizo noma eminye imibhalo. Izidingo ezidingekayo kufanele zichazwe ngokuya ngemakethe eqondiwe kanye nokuxhumana okuhlosiwe komkhiqizo.

Ifilimu Elaminethiwe Ye-PVC/PE Yabakhiqizi Nabasabalalisi

I-HSQY isebenza nabathengi bezimboni abathenga ifilimu elaminethiwe esekwe ku-PVC yezicelo zemithi, zezokwelapha nezinye izinhlelo zokupakisha. Ukuze uthole ikhotheshini noma ingxoxo yobuchwepheshe, sicela unikeze:

• Isicelo sokupakisha esidingekayo kanye nesigaba somkhiqizo

• I-PVC/PE noma esinye isakhiwo se-laminate esichaziwe

• Izidingo zobukhulu befilimu kanye nobukhulu besendlalelo

• Ububanzi bewebhu kanye nokubekezelelana okulinganayo

• Imininingwane yefilimu esobala noma enemibala

• Umshini wokupakisha kanye nenqubo yokushisa

• Ububanzi be-Roll core, ububanzi be-roll kanye nesiqondiso sokugoba

• Izinto zokuvala, izimo zokusebenza kanye namandla okuvala adingekayo

• Izidingo zokusebenza kwesithiyo se-oksijini kanye nomswakama

• Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo kanye nemibhalo yekhwalithi

• Inani lokuthenga, indlela yokupakisha kanye nendawo yokuthumela

Uma ushintsha ifilimu yokupakisha ekhona, isampula yezinto ezibonakalayo evunyiwe noma imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yamanje ingasiza ekuchazeni isakhiwo esidingekayo kanye nezici zokucubungula.

Ukupakisha Nokulethwa Kwefilimu Elaminethiwe ye-PVC

Amafilimu e-PVC alaminethiwe angapakishwa ngokuya ngobukhulu bawo beshidi noma bokugoqa, izidingo zokuvikela ubuso kanye nezimo zokuthunyelwa. Imininingwane yokupakisha kufanele iqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa nokulethwa.

• Ukupakisha Okunefomethi Encane: Izingcezu zefilimu ye-PVC eqinile enosayizi we-A4 zingavikelwa ezikhwameni ze-PP nasemabhokisini.

• Ukupakisha Amashidi: Ukupakisha okuvikelayo kungachazwa ngamashidi ayisicaba ngokuya ngesisindo nezidingo zobuso.

• Ukupakisha Ama-Roll: Ukugoqa kwe-PE noma ukuvikelwa kwephepha le-kraft kungachazwa ngokuya ngobukhulu befilimu kanye nokucushwa kwama-roll.

• Ububanzi be-Core: ububanzi be-core yangaphakathi obungu-76mm.

• Ukupakisha Amaphalethi: Amalungiselelo okupakisha amaphalethi enziwe nge-plywood ngokwezilinganiso ezivunyelwene ngazo kanye nezidingo zokulayisha.

• Ukulayishwa Kwesitsha: Kunqunywa ubukhulu bangempela bomqulu noma beshidi, ukucushwa kwephalethi kanye nezimo zokuthumela.

• Amalungiselelo Okulethwa: Imigomo yokuthunyelwa kanye nesikhathi sokukhiqiza kuvunyelwene ngaso ngokuya ngomkhiqizo okhethiwe kanye ne-oda lokuthenga.

Izithombe Zokupakisha Amafilimu e-PVC

Imibhalo Yekhwalithi Nezinto Ezibalulekile

Abakhiqizi bokupakisha bangadinga imininingwane yezinto ezibonakalayo, imibhalo yekhwalithi kanye nolwazi lokuhlolwa komkhiqizo olufanele uhlelo lokupakisha oluhlosiwe. Imibhalo edingekayo incike ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, imakethe eqondiwe kanye nezindinganiso zomkhiqizo ezisebenzayo.

Izitifiketi zekhwalithi yenkampani kanye nemibhalo yokuhlola yezinto ezibonakalayo kufanele kubuyekezwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ziyasebenza yini, ububanzi kanye nokusebenza kwefilimu ekhethiwe. Ukupakisha kokusetshenziswa kwemithi noma kokudla kumele kuhlolwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe nezokulawula ezifanele.

Imibukiso Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yeqembu Lepulasitiki le-HSQY

I-HSQY Plastic Group ihlanganyela emibukisweni yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze ihlangane nabakhiqizi bokupakisha, abaguquli, abangenisi, abasabalalisi kanye nabathengi abangochwepheshe bezinto zepulasitiki nefilimu.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana ne-PVC/PE Laminated Film

Isetshenziselwani ifilimu ye-PVC/PE laminated?

Ifilimu elaminethiwe ye-PVC/PE isetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokuguqulwa kokupakisha ezidinga ungqimba lwe-PVC oluqinile oluhlanganiswe ne-polyethylene. Izicelo ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi izinhlelo zokupakisha zemithi, zezokwelapha, zokudla kanye nezobuchwepheshe, kuye ngokufaneleka kwezinto ezithile.

Ingabe ifilimu ye-PVC/PE elaminethiwe iyafana nefilimu ye-PVC eqinile evamile?

Cha. Ifilimu ye-PVC eqinile evamile inesakhiwo sokwakheka esisekelwe ku-PVC, kanti ifilimu ye-PVC/PE elaminethiwe ihlanganisa i-PVC nesendlalelo se-PE esengeziwe. Isakhiwo esilaminethiwe singase sibe nezakhiwo ezihlukile zokuvala nokuguqula.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamafilimu e-PVC/PE kanye ne-PVC/PVDC?

I-PVC/PE kanye ne-PVC/PVDC ziyi-laminate ezahlukene. I-PVDC isetshenziswa njengengqimba yokuvimba ezakhiweni ezithile zokupakisha, kuyilapho umsebenzi we-PE uncike kumklamo othile. Abathengi kufanele bakhethe isakhiwo esidingekayo ngokuya ngezimfuneko zokuvimbela ezilinganisiwe kanye nokucubungula.

Yibuphi ubukhulu nobubanzi obutholakalayo?

Ulwazi lomkhiqizo lubala ubukhulu obusukela ku-0.15mm kuya ku-1.5mm kanye nobubanzi obungu-840mm nangaphezulu. Inhlanganisela edingekayo yosayizi, isakhiwo sesendlalelo kanye nokucushwa komqingo kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngebanga lefilimu elikhethiwe.

Ingabe ifilimu ingatholakala ngezinguqulo ezicacile noma ezinemibala?

Izinketho zezinto ezibonakalayo nezinemibala zifakiwe ohlwini lomkhiqizo. Ukwakheka kombala nezinto kufanele kukhethwe ngokuya ngezidingo zokupakisha.

Iyini ububanzi bengaphakathi lengaphakathi?

Ububanzi bengaphakathi elibhalwe ohlwini bungu-76mm. Abathengi kufanele futhi bachaze ububanzi bengaphandle kweroli edingekayo, indlela yokugoqa kanye nesisindo seroli semishini yabo yokukhiqiza.

Ingabe ifilimu ye-PVC/PE iqinisekisa umswakama ophezulu noma isithiyo se-oxygen?

Ukusebenza kwangempela kwesithintelo kuncike esakhiweni esiphelele se-laminate, izakhiwo zesendlalelo ngasinye kanye nezimo zokuhlola. Izidingo ezithile ze-OTR kanye ne-WVTR kufanele zichazwe lapho ukusebenza kwesithintelo kubalulekile kumkhiqizo opakishiwe.

Ingabe ifilimu ye-PVC/PE laminated ingasetshenziswa ekupakisheni imithi?

Ifilimu ye-PVC/PE ekhethiwe ingahlolwa ukuze isetshenziswe ekupakisheni imithi, kodwa kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukufaneleka kwefomula ethile, izimo zokuxhumana, uhlelo lokupakisha kanye nezidingo zomthetho ezisebenzayo.

Ingabe ifilimu ye-PVC/PE ingasetshenziswa ekupakisheni ukudla?

Ukusetshenziswa kokupakisha ukudla kuncike ekwakhiweni kwefilimu ekhethiwe, ukuxhumana kokudla okuhlosiwe, izimo zokucubungula, izidingo zesithiyo kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo emakethe yendawo oya kuyo.

Yiluphi ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oludingekayo ukuze kutholakale ikhotheshini?

Sicela unikeze isakhiwo sefilimu, ukujiya, ububanzi, umbala, uhlelo lokupakisha, imodeli yomshini, imininingwane yomqulu, ukusebenza kwesithiyo nokuvala okudingekayo, inani le-oda kanye nendawo oya kuyo.

Ifilimu ye-PVC/PE ipakishwa kanjani ukuze ithuthwe?

Ifilimu ene-laminated ye-PVC ingavikelwa ngokugoqa okufanele, amabhokisi noma ukupakisha iphalethi ngokuya ngesimo esinikeziwe kanye nobukhulu bomgoqo. Izidingo zokupakisha kufanele zichazwe lapho kufakwa i-oda.

Iyini inani elincane kakhulu le-oda?

Izidingo ezincane ze-oda zincike kubukhulu befilimu ekhethiwe, isakhiwo se-laminate kanye nesivumelwano sokuthenga. Sicela ucacise inani elihlosiwe kanye nemininingwane yezinto zokwakha uma ucela intengo.

Mayelana ne-HSQY Plastic Group

I-Changzhou Huisu Qinye Plastic Group Co., Ltd. isekelwe eChangzhou, eJiangsu, eShayina. I-HSQY inikeza ifilimu ye-PVC, ishidi le-PVC, ishidi le-PET kanye nezinto zepulasitiki ezihlobene zokupakisha nokuguqula izimboni.

I-HSQY isebenza nabaguquli bokupakisha bemithi, abakhiqizi bokupakisha bezokwelapha, abakhiqizi bokupakisha ukudla, abasabalalisi bezinto zepulasitiki kanye nabanye abathengi abangochwepheshe. Amakhasimende angaxoxa ngesakhiwo sefilimu, ukujiya, ububanzi, imibala, ukucushwa kwemigqa kanye nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza ngokuya ngezidingo zabo zokukhiqiza.

Xhumana ne-HSQY Plastic Group ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nefilimu eqinile eyenziwe nge-PVC/PE kanye nemininingwane edingekayo kuphrojekthi yakho yokupakisha.

Incazelo Yomkhiqizo

Izici Zomkhiqizo

- Ukubukeka okuhle

-Isithiyo esihle se-oxygen kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi

-Iyakwazi ukumelana ne-flexural enhle kakhulu

-Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu komthelela

Isicelo Somkhiqizo

Ukupakishwa kwenyama entsha, Ukupakishwa kwenyama okucutshunguliwe, Ukupakishwa kwezinkukhu, Ukupakishwa kwenhlanzi, Ukupakishwa koshizi, Ukupakishwa kwepasta, Ukupakishwa kwezokwelapha, i-MAP kanye nokupakishwa kwe-vacuum.

Imininingwane Yokupakisha Ishidi/Umqulu we-PVC/PET/PE

Isampula: Ishidi le-PVC eliqinile elicacile elinosayizi we-A4 elinesikhwama se-PP ebhokisini
Ukupakisha ishidi: 30kg ngesikhwama noma ngokwesidingo sakho
Ukupakisha ama-pallet: 500- 2000kg nge-plywood iphalethi
Ukulayisha kwesitsha: amathani angu-20 njengokujwayelekile

Isitifiketi

Umbukiso

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

1.Ngingayithola kanjani intengo?
Sicela unikeze imininingwane yezidingo zakho ngokucacile ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze sikuthumelele isipho okokuqala. Ukuze udizayine noma uxoxe kabanzi, kungcono ukuxhumana nathi nge-imeyili, i-WhatsApp kanye ne-WeChat uma kwenzeka ukubambezeleka.

2. Ngingayithola kanjani isampula yokuhlola ikhwalithi yakho?
Ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kwentengo, ungadinga ukuthi amasampula ahlole ikhwalithi yethu. Isampula
yesitoko yamahhala ukuhlola umklamo kanye nekhwalithi, inqobo nje uma ukhokhela imithwalo esheshayo.

3. Kuthiwani ngesikhathi sokuhola sokukhiqiza ngobuningi?
Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, kuncike enanini. Ngokuvamile izinsuku zokusebenza eziyi-10-14.

4. Ithini imigomo yakho yokulethwa?
Samukela i-EXW, i-FOB, i-CNF, i-DDU, njll.,

Iqembu le-ChangZhou HuiSu QinYe Plastic Group lasungulwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-16, linezitshalo ezingu-8 ezihlinzeka ngazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa ishidi elicacile le-PVC, ifilimu eguquguqukayo ye-PVC, ibhodi elimpunga le-PVC, ibhodi le-foam le-PVC, ishidi lezilwane ezifuywayo, ishidi le-acrylic. Lisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuphakejini, emvelweni yezimpawu, i-D nakwezinye izindawo. 

 

Umqondo wethu wokucabangela kokubili ikhwalithi kanye nensizakalo ngokulinganayo kanye nokusebenza kuthola ukwethenjwa ngamakhasimende, yingakho sakhe ukubambisana okuhle namakhasimende ethu avela eSpain, e-Italy, e-Austria, ePortugal, eJalimane, eGrisi, ePoland, eNgilandi, eMelika, eNingizimu Melika, eNdiya, eThailand, eMalaysia njalo njalo.

 

Ngokukhetha i-HSQY, uzothola amandla nokuzinza. Sakha uhla olubanzi kakhulu lwemikhiqizo embonini futhi sithuthukisa njalo ubuchwepheshe obusha, amafomula kanye nezixazululo. Idumela lethu lekhwalithi, isevisi yamakhasimende kanye nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe alinakuqhathaniswa embonini. Sihlala silwela ukuthuthukisa imikhuba yokuzinza ezimakethe esizisebenzelayo.