Amashidi Angavundiswa

Amashidi Namafilimu Epulasitiki Angavundiswa Ukuze Kupakishwe Okusimeme

I-HSQY PLASTIC inikeza amashidi namafilimu epulasitiki afakwa umquba ukuze asetshenziswe ekushiseni, ekupakisheni ukudla, emagobolondo e-clamshell, emathileyi, ezitsheni, ekupakisheni okuguquguqukayo kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ukusebenza kwezinto ezibolayo noma ezifakwa umquba.

Iphothifoliyo yezinto ezifakwa enhlabathini ze-HSQY ifaka ishidi le-thermoforming le-PLA, ifilimu eguquguqukayo ye-PLA/PBAT kanye neshidi le-PBS . Lezi zinto zinokubonakala okuhlukile, ukuguquguquka, ukusebenza kokushisa, ububanzi bokujiya, ukuziphatha kokucubungula kanye nezici zokuphela kokuphila, ngakho akufanele ziphathwe njengemikhiqizo engashintshaniswayo.

Kubathengi bokupakisha, imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu akuyona nje ukuthi impahla ichazwa ngokuthi 'inobungani nemvelo' noma 'iyabola.' Imininingwane kufanele ichaze uhlobo lwezinto, ukujiya kweshidi noma ifilimu, inqubo yokushisa, isidingo sokuxhumana nokudla, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, indawo yokwenza umquba kanye nesitifiketi esidingekayo..

Izimangalo zokuvundisa kufanele ziqinisekiswe njalo ukuze kutholakale ukwakheka okuqondile kwezinto kanye nomkhiqizo oqediwe. Ukuvundisa kwezimboni akusho ukuthi kuvundisa ekhaya ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi ukubola akusho ukuthi izinto zizowohloka ngokushesha enhlabathini, endaweni yokulahla udoti, ezindaweni zasolwandle noma ezimweni ezivamile zangaphandle.

Ayini Amashidi Epulasitiki Angavundiswa?

Amashidi epulasitiki afakwa umquba ayizinto zokwakha ishidi le-thermoplastic noma ifilimu eziklanyelwe ukuze ukwakheka okufanele kanye nomkhiqizo oqediwe kubole ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokwenza umquba.

Kuye ngezinto zokwakha kanye nokwakheka, ishidi elikwazi ukugqunywa lingakhishwa libe yi-rollstock eqinile ukuze lifakwe ku-thermoforming noma libe ngamafilimu amancane aguquguqukayo ukuze lipakishwe futhi liguqulwe.

Umndeni womkhiqizo wamanje we-HSQY usebenzisa izinhlelo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinto: i-PLA, i-PLA/PBAT blends kanye ne-PBS . Ngayinye kufanele ikhethwe ngokuya ngebhalansi edingekayo yokuqina, ukuguquguquka, ukucaca, ukumelana nokushisa, ukuziphatha kokucubungula kanye nezidingo zokuba ngumquba.

Ishidi kanye nefilimu ye-HSQY Ububanzi bomkhiqizo

Izinto	zamanje Ububanzi be-HSQY	Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Isiqondiso
Ishidi le-PLA	Cishe 0.15–3 mm; ububanzi bufika cishe ku-1300 mm	Ama-thermoforming aqinile acacile, amathileyi, amagobolondo e-clamshell, izinkomishi, izivalo kanye nokupakishwa kokudla okubandayo
Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT	Cishe 0.02–0.2 mm; ububanzi bufika cishe ku-1000 mm	Ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zefilimu eziguquliwe ezidinga ukuguquguquka okukhulu kune-PLA emsulwa
Ishidi le-PBS	Cishe 0.15–3 mm; ububanzi bufika cishe ku-1300 mm	Ukupakishwa okwenziwe nge-thermoform kudinga ukuguquguquka, ukuqina kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphakathi

Ubukhulu, ububanzi, umbala, ukwakheka, ifomethi yeshidi noma yokugoqa kanye nezimo zokucubungula kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngomkhiqizo oqondile ngaphambi koku-oda kwezentengiso.

Ishidi Lokwenza I-Thermoforming Elingagqunywa yi-PLA

Ishidi le-PLA lenziwe nge-polylactic acid, i-polymer ye-thermoplastic evame ukukhiqizwa kusuka ezitshalweni ezivuselelekayo njengoshukela otholakala ezitshalweni.

I-PLA iwusizo kakhulu ekupakisheni okucacile okuqinile ngoba amazinga afanele angahlanganisa ukucaca, ukuqina kanye nekhono lokuguqula i-thermoforming.

Umkhiqizo weshidi le-PLA we-HSQY wamanje uhlanganisa cishe ubukhulu obungu-0.15–3 mm kanye nobubanzi obufika cishe ku- 1300 mm . Izinto ezicacile okwamanje zisetshenziswa ekupakisheni ukudla kanye nezinhlelo zokushisa.

Izicelo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi amathileyi okudla okusha, ukupakishwa kwemikhiqizo, amagobolondo e-clamshell, izitsha zokubhaka, izinkomishi zeziphuzo ezibandayo, izivalo kanye nokunye ukupakishwa okucacile okufakwe ubushushu.

I-PLA ejwayelekile inokumelana nokushisa okulinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokupakisha ezisebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ngakho-ke i-microwave, i-oven, i-hot-fill noma ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kufanele zivunyelwe kuphela ngemva kokuba izinga eliqondile le-PLA kanye nephakheji eliqediwe seliqinisekisiwe.

Buka okwamanje                    Ishidi Lokwenza I-Thermoforming le-PLA                ukuze uthole imininingwane eqondene nomkhiqizo.

Ifilimu Eguquguqukayo Engagqunywanga ye-PLA/PBAT

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT ihlanganisa i-PLA ne-PBAT ukudala uhlelo lwezinto oluguquguqukayo kune-PLA eqinile yodwa.

I-PLA inikela ngokuqina kanye nekhono lokuqukethwe okuvuselelekayo, kuyilapho i-PBAT inikela ngokuguquguquka, ukuqina kanye nokwelulwa. Ukusebenza okuqondile kuncike kusilinganiso sokuxuba, izithasiselo, ukujiya kwefilimu kanye nezimo zokucubungula.

Umkhiqizo we-PLA/PBAT wamanje we-HSQY uyifilimu encane eguquguqukayo enobukhulu obungu- 0.02–0.2 mm kanye nobubanzi obuphezulu obungu- 1000 mm.

Ukupakishwa okuguquguqukayo, ifilimu eguquliwe kanye nemikhiqizo emincane ekhethiwe kuyizinkomba zemvelo zokusetshenziswa kwale nto kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqina kweshidi lokushisa elijiyile le-PLA noma le-PBS.

Buka okwamanje                    Ifilimu Yokupakisha ye-PLA/PBAT                ukuze uthole imininingwane eqondene nomkhiqizo.

Ishidi Lepulasitiki Le-PBS Elibolayo

Ishidi le-PBS lenziwe nge-polybutylene succinate, i-polyester ebolayo enganikeza inhlanganisela ewusizo yokuguquguquka, ukuqina, ikhono lokuguqula ukushisa kanye nokumelana nokushisa okumaphakathi.

Ishidi le-PBS lamanje le-HSQY limboza cishe ubukhulu obungu-0.15–3 mm , ububanzi obufika cishe ku- 1300 mm kanye nobuningi obuyinkomba obungaba ngu- 1.35 g/cm³.

I-PBS ingahlolwa ngamathileyi okudla afakwe ukushisa, amagobolondo e-clamshell, izitsha zokuthatha ukudla, ukupakishwa kwemikhiqizo emisha kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kukhethwa khona ishidi eliguquguqukayo.

I-PBS akufanele ichazwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengesekelwe ku-100% ku-bio. Okuqukethwe okuvuselelwayo kuncike esitokweni sokudla kanye nomzila wokukhiqiza osetshenziselwa ibanga eliqondile le-polymer.

Buka okwamanje                    Ishidi Lepulasitiki Le-PBS Elibolayo                ukuze uthole imininingwane ethile yomkhiqizo.

I-PLA vs. PLA/PBAT vs. PBS: Yikuphi Okubalulekile Okufanele Ukukhethe?

Isici Sokukhetha	PLA	PLA/PBAT	PBS
Ifomu Elijwayelekile	Ishidi eliqinile / i-rollstock	Ifilimu eguquguqukayo	Ishidi le-thermoforming eliguquguqukayo kuya kweliqinile kuye ngebanga kanye negeyiji
Ukucaca	Inketho eqinile yokupakisha okucacile	Kuncike ekuxubeni nasekubunjweni	Kuxhomeke ezingeni; ngokuvamile kukhethwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuziphatha komshini kunokubonakala kwe-premium
Ukuqina	Kuqinile kakhulu	Ukuguquguquka kakhudlwana	Iguquguquka kakhulu futhi iqine kune-PLA eqinile ekwakhiweni okufanele
Ukucubungula Okuyinhloko	Ukukhishwa kweshidi kanye nokwakheka kwe-thermoforming	Ukukhipha ifilimu, ukuguqula kanye nokwakheka kwesicelo esithile	Ukukhishwa kweshidi kanye nokwakheka kwe-thermoforming
Ukukhetha Ukushisa	Amabanga ajwayelekile ikakhulukazi okusetshenziswa okubandayo noma okushisa kwegumbi	Kuncike kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwengxube	Inganikeza ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuye ngebanga
Okuqukethwe Okusekelwe Ku-Bio	I-PLA ivame ukukhiqizwa kusuka ezitshalweni zokudla ezivuselelekayo	Kuncike kancane kokuqukethwe kwe-PLA kanye nokwakheka kwe-PBAT/feedstock	Kuncike esitokweni sokudla se-PBS kanye nomzila wokukhiqiza
Ukulingana Okuhle Okuvamile	Ukupakishwa kokudla okuqinile okucacile	Ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo okunomanyolo	Ukupakishwa okuqinile okufakwe ku-thermoform kanye nezicelo ezikhethiwe zokushisa okumaphakathi

Okubolayo noma okungavuthwa: Uyini Umehluko?

Okubolayo yigama elibanzi elichaza ikhono lezinto ezibonakalayo lokuqhekeka ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezifanele.

I-compostable icacile kakhulu. Isimangalo se-compostability kufanele sichaze indawo yokwenza i-compost futhi, lapho kudingeka, sibonise ukuhambisana nesimiso esijwayelekile noma isitifiketi esisebenzayo.

Ngakho-ke, izinto ezichazwa njengezibolayo akufanele zithengiswe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengezingavundiswa ngomquba ngaphandle kokuthi ukwakheka okuqondile nomkhiqizo kunemibhalo edingekayo yokusekela.

Ipulasitiki Esekelwe Ku-Bio vs. Ebolayo

I-Bio-based ichaza ukuthi i-carbon feedstock ivelaphi. I-Biodegradable ichaza ukuthi izinto zingawohloka kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zebhayoloji.

Izinto zingaba nge-bio-based ngaphandle kokubola, kanti i-polymer ebolayo ingaba ne-feedstock ethathwe ezinsaleleni.

I-PLA ivame ukukhiqizwa kusuka ezitshalweni ezivuselelekayo ezitholakala ezitshalweni. Izingxube ze-PLA/PBAT akufanele zichazwe njengezisekelwe ezitshalweni eziyi-100% ngaphandle kokuthi ukwakheka kwangempela kusekela leso simangalo, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-PBS okuvuselelekayo nakho kuncike endleleni ye-resin ekhethiwe.

Ezimbonini vs. Ikhaya

Sokumboza Okungambozwa	Incazelo Yesimangalo
Imboni/Ibhizinisi Elingavundiswa	Yakhelwe izimo zokulawulwa kokwenza umquba kwezentengiselwano futhi kufanele isekelwe indinganiso noma isitifiketi esisebenzayo somkhiqizo oqondile.
Ingavundiswa Ekhaya	Kudinga ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphansi kokwenza umquba ekhaya futhi akufanele kuthathwe njengesimangalo sokuqina kwezimboni.
Okubolayo	Incazelo ebanzi yokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo engayichazi ngokwayo indawo ejwayelekile yokwenza umquba.

Abathengi kufanele basho ukuthi imakethe eqondiwe idinga ukuvundiswa kwezimboni, ukuvundiswa kwezentengiselwano kanye nokwasekhaya, noma esinye isimangalo sokuphela kokuphila ngaphambi kokukhetha impahla.

I-EN 13432, i-ASTM D6400 kanye nesitifiketi sokuqina komumo

Ukupakisha okuthengiswe ngezicelo zokufaka umquba kungadinga ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi imakethe yendawo okuyo kanye nokwakhiwa komkhiqizo wokugcina.

Okujwayelekile/Isimiso	Ukufaneleka Okujwayelekile
I-EN 13432	Izinga laseYurophu elivame ukusetshenziswa ekupakisheni okuhloswe ngalo ukuvuselelwa ngokusebenzisa i-compost yezimboni kanye nokubola kwe-biogradation
I-ASTM D6400	Imininingwane Eyinhloko YaseNyakatho Melika Esetshenziselwa ipulasitiki eyenzelwe ukwenza umquba ezindaweni zokukhiqiza umquba ze-aerobic zikamasipala noma zezimboni
Isitifiketi se-BPI	Uhlelo lokuqinisekisa lwenkampani yangaphandle eNyakatho Melika olusebenzisa izidingo ze-ASTM compostability kanye nezindlela ezengeziwe zokuqinisekisa
Ukuvumelana Nemvelo Kwasekhaya	Kudinga ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kokuvundisa ekhaya; imibhalo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imboni iyakwazi ukuvundisa kuphela akufanele isetshenziswe njengobufakazi

Abathengi be-HSQY kufanele bacele imibhalo yezinto eziqondile, ukwakheka, ukujiya kanye nomkhiqizo oqediwe ohlosiwe . Isitifiketi se-resin eyodwa, ukujiya kweshidi noma ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo akufanele sisetshenziswe ngokuzenzakalelayo kumkhiqizo ohlukile.

Kungani Ubukhulu Bomkhiqizo Oqediwe Bubalulekile Ekuvundeni Komquba

Ukuvunda akunqunywa kuphela ngegama le-polymer.

Ubukhulu beshidi, ubukhulu bodonga oluqediwe, i-geometry yezingxenye, amalebula, izembozo, uyinki, izinamathiseli nezinye izingxenye zephakheji kungathinta ikhono lento eqediwe lokuhlangabezana nendinganiso yokuba yinkimbinkimbi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-thermoformer eguqula izinto zokusetshenziswa eziqinisekisiwe zibe umkhiqizo oqediwe ojiyile kakhulu noma ohlukile kungadingeka iqinisekise ukuthi into yokugcina ihlala ngaphakathi kobubanzi besitifiketi obufanele.

Ishidi Elingavundiswa Lokwenza I-Thermoforming

Amashidi e-PLA kanye ne-PBS angasetshenziswa njenge-thermoforming rollstock yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokupakisha ezifanele.

Ukusebenza kwe-thermoforming kuncike ebangeni lezinto ezibonakalayo, ukujiya kweshidi, isimo somswakama, iphrofayili ye-heater, ukwakheka kwesikhunta, ukujula kokwakheka, ukupholisa, ukusika kanye nokusatshalaliswa kobukhulu bodonga kokugcina.

I-PLA inefasitela elincane lokucubungula kuneziningi zepulasitiki zokupakisha ezivamile, ngakho-ke ukulawula izinga lokushisa okuzinzile kanye nokuphathwa kwezinto kubaluleke kakhulu.

Abathengi kufanele banikeze ububanzi bomshini wokwenza i-thermoforming, ububanzi bokugoqa obudingekayo, ukujiya, ukujula kokwakheka, ubukhulu besikhunta, isivinini somugqa olindelekile kanye ne-geometry yephakheji eqediwe lapho becela izincomo zezinto zokwakha.

Ishidi le-PLA Lokupakisha Ukudla Okucacile

Ishidi le-PLA elicacile libaluleke kakhulu ekupakishweni kokudla okubandayo nokuzungezile lapho ukubonakala komkhiqizo kubalulekile khona.

Imikhiqizo engase iqedwe ihlanganisa amathileyi emikhiqizo, izitsha zesaladi, ukupakishwa kwebhikawozi, amagobolondo e-clamshell acacile, izinkomishi kanye nezivalo.

Ekupakisheni okuthengiswayo, abathengi kufanele bachaze ukucaca, umswakama, ukujiya kodonga, isidingo sokushaya, ukubekwa kwenqwaba, indlela yokuvala, izimo zokuqandisa kanye nemibhalo edingekayo yokuxhumana nokudla.

Ishidi Elingavundiswa Amathreyi Neziqukathi Ze-Clamshell

I-PLA ne-PBS zingahlolwa ngamathileyi afakwe i-thermoformed, ukupakishwa kwe-clamshell kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokupakisha eziqinile.

I-PLA ngokuvamile ikhethwa lapho ukuvezwa okucacile okuqinile kubalulekile, kuyilapho i-PBS ingase ifanele ukuhlolwa lapho kudingeka khona ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe noma ukuqina.

Ukukhetha kokugcina kwezinto kufanele futhi kucabangele ukwakha ukujula, ukuqina kwe-flange, ukwakheka kokuvala, ukuhambisana kwesembozo nefilimu, izinga lokushisa lokugcina kanye nezidingo zokuba yisikhutha.

Ifilimu Yokupakisha Eguquguqukayo Engavundiswa

Ifilimu encane ye-PLA/PBAT inikeza umsebenzi wokupakisha ohlukile kuneshidi eliqinile le-PLA noma le-PBS.

Ukuguquguquka kwayo okukhulu kwenza kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekupakisheni okuguquguqukayo, ekusongeni, ekuguquleni kanye nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisekelwe efilimini lapho ishidi eliqinile lokulungisa ukushisa lingadingeki.

Abathengi abafaka izinto eziguquguqukayo kufanele bacacise ubukhulu, ububanzi bokugoqa, izidingo zokubopha kanye nokwelula, indlela yokuvala, inqubo yokuphrinta noma yokubopha, imfuneko yokuvimba kanye nesitifiketi sokuphela kokuphila.

Ukuthobela Ukuhambisana Nokudla Kuhlukile Kokuvumelana Nokudla

Izinto zingahlangabezana nezidingo zokuba compost ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana ngokuzenzakalela nazo zonke izidingo zokuthintana nokudla, futhi ukuhambisana nokudla akuqinisekisi ngokuzenzakalela ukuba compost.

Abathengi bokupakisha ukudla kufanele baqinisekise ukwakheka okuqondile kwezinto, izithasiselo, izinto zokufaka imibala, uhlobo lokudla okuhlosiwe, isikhathi sokuxhumana, izinga lokushisa kanye nomthethonqubo wendawo oya kuyo nemakethe.

Uma kudingeka i-FDA, i-EU noma esinye isimemezelo sokuxhumana nokudla, nikeza imakethe yendawo oya kuyo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe imibhalo yomkhiqizo we-HSQY ofanele.

Ukumelana Nokushisa kwe-PLA, PLA/PBAT kanye ne-PBS

'Ingavundiswa' ayichazi ukumelana nokushisa kwento.

Kwento	Isiqondiso Sokusetshenziswa Kokushisa
I-PLA ejwayelekile	Ifaneleka kakhulu ekupakishweni okubandayo noma okuzungezile ngaphandle kokuthi izinga elithile elimelana nokushisa kanye nomkhiqizo oqediwe kuqinisekisiwe
I-PLA/PBAT	Ukusebenza kuncike kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwengxube, ukujiya kwefilimu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo; qinisekisa izinga eliqondile
I-PBS	Inganikeza ukusebenza okungcono kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kune-PLA ejwayelekile emabangeni afanele, kodwa imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa kusamele iqinisekiswe

I-microwave, i-hot-fill, amanzi abilayo, i-oven noma ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezishisa kakhulu akufanele zivunyelwe ngoba nje izinto ezisetshenziswayo zichazwa njengezibolayo noma ezingafakwa umquba.

Ingabe Ukupakisha kwe-PLA Kungasetshenziswa Ku-Microwave Noma Ku-Oven?

Ishidi lokupakisha ukudla elijwayelekile le-PLA elicacile kufanele liphathwe njengento yokupakisha ebandayo noma esezingeni lokushisa legumbi ngaphandle kokuthi izinga le-PLA elingamelani nokushisa elifanele ukusetshenziswa liye lafaneleka.

Ungachazi ngokuzenzakalelayo amathreyi ajwayelekile e-PLA, izinkomishi noma amagobolondo e-clamshell njengaphephile kuma-microwave noma kuhhavini.

Uma kudingeka ukusebenza kokudla okushisayo noma ukuvuselela, nikeza izinga lokushisa, indlela yokushisa, ubude besikhathi, uhlobo lokudla kanye nomklamo wephakheji eliqediwe ngaphambi kokukhetha izinto.

Ukupakishwa Kokudla Okubandayo Nokufrijiwe

I-PLA ibaluleke kakhulu ekufakweni kokudla okubandayo okufana namasaladi, imikhiqizo emisha, izinto zokubhaka ezifrijini kanye nemikhiqizo epholile elungele ukudliwa.

Umthelela wokushisa okuphansi, ukuqhekeka, ukusebenza kahle kokunqwabelana kanye nezimo zokuminyana kufanele kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa ukupakishwa kwangempela okuqediwe.

Ukuhambisana kwefilimu yokumboza kanye nokuvala

Ithreyi elinomumo wokushisa elingadinga izinto zokumboza ezihambisanayo uma iphakethe lenzelwe ukuvalwa.

Ukusebenza kwesivalo kuncike ezintweni zethreyi, isakhiwo sesivalo, ikhemikhali yesivalo, izinga lokushisa lokuvala, ingcindezi, isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nomklamo we-flange.

Uma iphakheji ephelele ikhangiswa njengengafakwa umquba, ithileyi, ifilimu yesivalo, izembozo, izinamathiselo, uyinki, amalebula nezinye izingxenye ezifanele kufanele zihlolwe ndawonye ngaphansi kwezimfuneko zesitifiketi ezifanele.

Ishidi Elinomquba vs. I-PET kanye ne-PP

Ukukhetha Isici	Izinto Ezinomquba	I-PET / PP
Isu Lokuphela Kwempilo	Yakhelwe indlela yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo noma yokwenza umquba echazwe kahle uma iqinisekiswe kahle futhi iqoqwe	Ukuvuselela kabusha ipulasitiki okuvamile noma eminye imizila yokuphatha imfucuza esungulwe kuye ngezinto zokwakha kanye nengqalasizinda yendawo
Ukupakishwa Okuqinile Okucacile	I-PLA iyindlela eyinhloko yokufaka umquba ezicelweni ezifanele	I-PET inochungechunge lokuphakelwa oluvuthiwe olucacile
Ukupakisha Okuphezulu Kokushisa	Iqondene kakhulu nebanga; i-PLA ejwayelekile inemikhawulo ebalulekile yokushisa	Izakhiwo ze-PP noma ezikhethekile ze-PET zinganikeza izinketho ezahlukene zokushisa okuphezulu kuye ngokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani
Ingqalasizinda	Kudinga ukufinyelela endleleni yokuqoqwa nokucubungula okuhlosiwe ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo yemvelo	Ingqalasizinda yokuvuselela kabusha iyahlukahluka ngokwezinto zokwakha nendawo
Ukukhetha Okuhle Kakhulu	Lapho ukuvundisa kuyiphrojekthi echaziwe kanye nesidingo sokuphathwa kwemfucuza	Lapho ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha, izindleko, ukusebenza kahle kokushisa noma ingqalasizinda yokupakisha evamile esungulwe kuyinto eza kuqala

Ingabe Ipulasitiki Engavundiswa Iphuka Endaweni Yokulahla Udoti?

Isimangalo sezinto ezifakwa enhlabathini akufanele sihunyushwe njengesiqinisekiso sokuwohloka okusheshayo endaweni yokulahla udoti.

Ukwenziwa komquba kwezimboni kuncike ezimweni eziphilayo ezilawulwayo. Izindawo zokulahla udoti, eceleni komgwaqo, inhlabathi, amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezindawo zasolwandle zinezimo ezahlukene zokushisa, umoya-mpilo, umswakama kanye nezifo ezincane.

Ngakho-ke ukupakishwa komquba kufanele kwakhiwe kanye nendlela efanele yokuqoqwa kanye nendlela yokuphela kokuphila kunokuba kusetshenziselwe ukuthethelela ukulahlwa noma ukulahla udoti okungalawulwa.

Ingabe Ipulasitiki Engavundiswa Ingasetshenziswa Kabusha?

Ukuvundisa kanye nokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuyizindlela ezahlukene zokuphela kwempilo.

Ezinye izinto ze-biopolymer zingaphinde zisetshenziswe ngobuchwepheshe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinikeziwe, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwangempela kokuqoqwa, ukuhlunga kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo.

Abathengi kufanele bakhethe futhi baxhumane ngendlela yokulahla ehlosiwe ngokwengqalasizinda yendawo kunokumaka iphakheji njengengasetshenziswa kabusha futhi engasetshenziswa umanyolo ngaphandle kobufakazi obusekelayo.

Ukucutshungulwa Nokugcinwa Kwe-PLA Namashidi Okubolayo

Ama-polymer angakwazi ukugqunywa adinga ukuphathwa kwezinto ezilawulwayo njenge-thermoplastics evamile.

Ukucubungula i-PLA kungaba nozwela kumswakama kanye nomlando wokushisa. Izimo zokomisa, zokukhipha kanye nezokubumba kufanele zilandele izidingo zobuchwepheshe ze-resin noma ishidi eliqondile.

Amashidi namafilimu kufanele agcinwe ezimweni ezihlanzekile nezomile kude nokushisa okungadingekile kanye nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, bese kugcinwa amaphakheji okuqala okuvikela lapho kudingekile kuze kube yilapho kucutshungulwa.

Indlela Yokukhetha Ishidi Lepulasitiki Elingavundiswa

1. Chaza Isicelo Sokupakisha Esiqediwe

Cacisa ithileyi, igobolondo le-clamshell, inkomishi, isivalo, ifilimu eguquguqukayo, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo, isitsha sokudla noma omunye umkhiqizo oqediwe.

2. Khetha i-PLA, i-PLA/PBAT noma i-PBS

Sebenzisa i-PLA njengento yokuqala yokuhlola ukupakishwa okucacile okuqinile kwe-thermoformed, i-PLA/PBAT yezinhlelo zokusebenza zefilimu eziguquguqukayo, kanye ne-PBS lapho ukuqina noma ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yephrojekthi.

3. Chaza Ubukhulu Beshidi noma Ifilimu

Cacisa igeyiji engenayo kanye nokubekezelelana kanye nobukhulu bodonga obudingekayo obuqediwe ngemva kokwakheka.

4. Chaza ububanzi beRoll noma ishidi

Qondanisa ububanzi bezinto ezibonakalayo nomugqa we-thermoforming noma wokuguqula kanye nokwakheka kwesidleke somkhiqizo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

5. Chaza Ukuqina Nokuguquguquka

Cacisa ukuthi iphakheji yokugcina idinga ithileyi elicacile eliqinile, ifilimu eguquguqukayo, igobolondo eliqinile le-clam noma enye iphrofayili yomshini.

6. Chaza Ukucaca

Ukuze uthole ukupakishwa okucacile kokuthengisa, chaza ukucaca, uboya, umbala kanye nezidingo zesampula ezivunyiwe lapho ukubukeka kubaluleke khona.

7. Chaza izinga lokushisa lokusebenza

Beka efrijini, eqandisiwe, ezungezile, egcwalisa ngokushisa, e-microwave noma kwezinye izimo zokushisa ngaphambi kokukhetha into engaba ngumquba.

8. Chaza Izimo Zokwenza I-Thermoforming

Nikeza uhlobo lomshini, ubukhulu besikhunta, ukujula kokudweba, isivinini somugqa kanye nobukhulu bodonga obuqediwe obudingekayo.

9. Chaza Izidingo Zokuvala

Uma isitsha esiqediwe sizovalwa ngokushisa, nikeza izinto zokumboza ezihlongozwayo kanye nokusebenza kokuvala okuqondiwe noma kokuvala.

10. Qinisekisa Izidingo Zokuxhumana Nokudla

Khomba imakethe yendawo oya kuyo, uhlobo lokudla, izinga lokushisa lokuxhumana kanye nemibhalo edingekayo ukuze uxhumane nokudla ngqo.

11. Chaza isimangalo sokwenza umquba

Sho ukuthi ngabe umgomo uwukuba ngumquba wezimboni, ukuba ngumquba ekhaya noma esinye isidingo esiqinisekisiwe sokuphela kokuphila.

12. Qinisekisa Izinga Elidingekayo

Khomba i-EN 13432, i-ASTM D6400, i-BPI noma enye imfuneko yesitifiketi efanelekile ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa kokugcina komkhiqizo.

13. Hlola Iphakheji Ephelele

Cabanga ngamathileyi, izivalo, amafilimu, amalebula, uyinki, izinamathiseli kanye nopende lapho lonke iphakethe lizoba nesicelo sokuhlanganiswa komquba.

14. Hlola Umkhiqizo Oqediwe

Qinisekisa ukwakheka, ukuqina, umthelela, ukuvala, ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa, isitoreji kanye nokuhambisana okudingekayo usebenzisa iphakheji yangempela eqediwe ngaphambi kokuthengiswa ngobuningi.

Ukunikezwa Kweshidi Nefilimu Engavundiswa Ngokwezifiso

I-HSQY isekela amaphrojekthi eshidi namafilimu angafakwa umquba kubakhiqizi bokupakisha ukudla, ama-thermoformer, abaguquli bokupakisha abaguquguqukayo, izinkampani zezinsizakalo zokudla, abasabalalisi kanye nabanye abathengi bokupakisha.

Izidingo eziqondene nephrojekthi zingafaka:

• Ishidi le-thermoforming le-PLA

• Ifilimu eguquguqukayo ye-PLA/PBAT

• Ishidi lokulungisa ukushisa le-PBS

• Ukujiya ngokwezifiso

• Ububanzi bokugoqa ngokwezifiso

• Ubukhulu beshidi elenziwe ngokwezifiso

• I-Rollstock yokulungisa ukushisa

• Amafomethi okusika

• Izinto zokupakisha ezicacile

• Izidingo zombala ezenziwe ngokwezifiso lapho zisekelwa khona

• Izidingo ze-Thermoforming

• Izidingo zokwakha i-vacuum

• Izidingo zokuguqula ifilimu eguquguqukayo

• Izidingo zokuphrinta

• Izidingo zokubopha

• Izidingo zokuvala ukushisa

• Imibhalo yokuxhumana nokudla

• Idokhumenti yokufaneleka kokuvunda ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizo evunyelwene ngayo

• Ukupakisha ngokwemigomo evunyelwene ngayo

Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Kwamashidi Namafilimu Angavundiswa

Imingcele ebalulekile yokuhlola nokuthenga ingafaka:

• Ukwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo

• Ubukhulu beshidi noma ifilimu

• Ukubekezelela ukujiya

• Ububanzi be-roll noma ishidi

• Izidingo zokusonga imichilo kanye ne-core

• Ukubukeka kobuso

• Ukucaca kanye nobumnyama lapho kuchazwe khona

• Ukuvumelana kombala lapho kuchaziwe khona

• Izakhiwo zemishini lapho zichaziwe khona

• Ukuziphatha kwe-Thermoforming

• Ukusatshalaliswa kobukhulu bodonga okuqediwe

• Ukusebenza kokuvala lapho kudingeka khona

• Ukusebenza kokuphrinta noma kwe-lamination lapho kudingeka khona

• Ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa lapho kuchaziwe khona

• Imibhalo yokuxhumana nokudla lapho kudingeka khona

• Imibhalo yokuhambisana nokuguquguquka lapho kudingeka khona

• Ukupakisha kanye nesimo sephalethi

Ukupakisha Nokuthunyelwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Amashidi namafilimu avundiswayo kufanele avikelwe ekungcoleni, umswakama ongadingekile, ukushisa okweqile kanye nomonakalo ongokwenyama ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthuthwa.

Imikhiqizo ye-roll kufanele icacise ububanzi, umongo, ububanzi obukhulu be-roll, isisindo esiphezulu se-roll kanye nezidingo zokugoqa lapho la mapharamitha ethinta khona umugqa we-thermoforming noma wokuguqula.

Ukuhlelwa kokupakisha kanye nama-pallet kungaxoxwa ngakho ngokwezinto zokwakha, ubukhulu, ubuningi kanye nendlela yokuthumela.

Kungani Kufanele Ukhethe i-HSQY Yamashidi Namafilimu Angavundiswa?

Izinhlelo Eziningi Zezinto Ezingavundiswa: I-HSQY inikeza imikhiqizo ye-PLA, PLA/PBAT kanye ne-PBS kunokuthembela ku-polymer eyodwa ebolayo.

Ishidi Eliqinile Nefilimu Eguquguqukayo: Umndeni womkhiqizo umboza ishidi eliqinile le-thermoforming kanye nefilimu encane yokupakisha eguquguqukayo.

Izicelo Zokwenza I-Thermoforming: I-PLA kanye ne-PBS rollstock zingahlolwa ngamathileyi, amagobolondo e-clamshell, izitsha zokudla kanye nokunye ukupakishwa okwenziwe nge-thermoformed.

Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Zokupakisha: Abathengi bangaqhathanisa ukucaca, ukuguquguquka, ukuqina, izidingo zokushisa kanye nezinhloso zokuba yinkimbinkimbi ngaphambi kokukhetha i-PLA, i-PLA/PBAT noma i-PBS.

Ukuthobela Imithetho Eqondile Yephrojekthi: Imibhalo yokuxhumana kokudla kanye nokuhlanganiswa komquba ingaxoxwa ngokwezinto eziqondile, umkhiqizo oqediwe kanye nezidingo zemakethe yendawo.

Iphothifoliyo Yokupakisha Ebanzi: I-HSQY iphinde ihlinzeke ngezinto zokupakisha ze-PET, PP kanye ne-CPET ezivamile, okuvumela abathengi ukuthi baqhathanise ukusebenza okuhlukile kanye namasu okuphela kokuphila ngokuya ngesicelo sokugcina.

Ulwazi Oludingekayo Ngesilinganiso Seshidi Elingavundiswa

Umkhiqizo Oqediwe	Ithreyi, igobolondo le-clamshell, inkomishi, isivalo, ifilimu eguquguqukayo, ukupakishwa komkhiqizo noma omunye umkhiqizo
Izinto	Kudingeka izincomo ze-PLA, PLA/PBAT, PBS noma izinto ezibonakalayo
Ubukhulu	Ukujiya nokubekezelelana kweshidi noma ifilimu okudingekayo
Ububanzi / Usayizi	Ububanzi bomqulu, ubukhulu beshidi noma usayizi wokusika ngokwezifiso
Ifomethi Yokunikezwa	I-Rollstock, i-film roll, ishidi noma enye ifomethi edingekayo
Ukubukeka	Okucacile, okukhanyayo, okunombala noma okunye okubonakalayo okudingekayo
Ukwakha i-Thermoforming	Ububanzi bomshini, ubukhulu besikhunta, ukujula kokudweba kanye nesidingo sobukhulu bodonga obuqediwe
Ukuguqula Okuguquguqukayo	Ukuphrinta, ukubopha, ukwenza izikhwama, ukuvala noma ezinye izidingo zokucubungula amafilimu
Izinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza	Iqandisiwe, iqandisiwe, i-ambient, igcwele ukushisa noma enye isimo sokushisa esichaziwe
Ukuxhumana Nokudla	Imakethe yendawo oya kuyo, uhlobo lokudla, izinga lokushisa lokuxhumana kanye nemibhalo edingekayo
Ukuvunda	I-compostable yezimboni, i-compostable yasekhaya noma enye imfuneko ecacisiwe yokuphela kokuphila
Izinga Elidingekayo	I-EN 13432, i-ASTM D6400, i-BPI noma enye indinganiso/isitifiketi esidingekayo
Ubuningi	I-oda lokulinga, inani le-oda elijwayelekile kanye nesidingo sonyaka esilinganiselwe
Indawo oya kuyo	Izwe kanye nechweba lapho uya khona

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngeshidi Lepulasitiki Elingavundiswa

Iyini ishidi lepulasitiki elikwazi ukumbozwa?

Ishidi lepulasitiki elikwazi ukumbozwa liyishidi lepulasitiki elinokushisa elenzelwe ukuthi izinto ezifanele kanye nomkhiqizo oqediwe kubole ngaphansi kwezimo ezichaziwe zokumbozwa. Izidingo zesitifiketi zincike kumkhiqizo kanye nemakethe yokuya kuwo.

Yiziphi izinto ezifakwa umquba ezinikezwa yi-HSQY?

I-HSQY okwamanje inikeza ishidi lokushisa le-PLA, ifilimu eguquguqukayo ye-PLA/PBAT kanye neshidi lepulasitiki le-PBS ngaphakathi kwesigaba somkhiqizo weshidi elihlanganisiwe.

Ishidi le-PLA lenziwe ngani?

I-PLA iyi-polylactic acid, i-thermoplastic evame ukukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izitsha zokudla ezivuselelekayo ezitholakala ezitshalweni ezifana noshukela otholakala kummbila noma kumoba.

Iyini ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT?

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT iyinhlanganisela ehlanganisa i-PLA ne-PBAT. I-PBAT ithuthukisa ukuguquguquka nokuqina uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PLA eqinile, okwenza ingxube ibe wusizo ezinhlelweni zokupakisha eziguquguqukayo.

Iyini ipulasitiki ye-PBS?

I-PBS yi-polybutylene succinate, i-polyester ebolayo esetshenziswa ekupakisheni nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona ukuguquguquka, ukuqina kanye nekhono lokuguqula ukushisa.

Ingabe yonke ipulasitiki efakwa umquba isekelwe ezitshalweni eziyi-100%?

Cha. Okuqukethwe okusekelwe ku-bio kanye nokukwazi ukubumba kuchaza izici ezahlukene. Izinto ezifakwa ku-compost zingaqukatha izitsha zokudla ezithathwe ezinsaleleni, futhi i-polymer esuselwe ku-bio ayifakwa ku-compost ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ingabe i-PLA ingafakwa umquba ezimbonini?

Izakhiwo ze-PLA ezifanele kanye nemikhiqizo eqediwe zingahlangabezana nezidingo zokuqina kwezimboni. Ububanzi obuqondile besitifiketi, i-geometry yomkhiqizo kanye nobukhulu kufanele kuqinisekiswe kunokusebenzisa isimangalo esibanzi kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ye-PLA.

Ingabe i-PLA ingasetshenziswa ekhaya ukuze ifake umquba?

I-PLA ejwayelekile evundisa izimboni akufanele ichazwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengevundisa imifino ekhaya. Ukuvundisa imifino ekhaya kudinga ubufakazi obuhlukile noma isitifiketi somkhiqizo wangempela.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokubola kanye nokungavundiswa?

Okubolayo kuyincazelo ebanzi yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Okubolayo kuyisicelo esiqondile esixhunywe ezimweni ezichaziwe zokubola futhi ngokuvamile kumazinga okuhlola noma isitifiketi aqashelwayo.

Kuyini i-EN 13432?

I-EN 13432 iyindinganiso yaseYurophu esetshenziselwa ukupakisha okuhloswe ukuthi itholakale ngokuhlanganiswa komquba kanye nokubola. Imibhalo edingekayo kufanele iqinisekiswe ngomkhiqizo oqondile.

Kuyini i-ASTM D6400?

I-ASTM D6400 iyincazelo enkulu yaseNyakatho Melika yamapulasitiki aklanyelwe ukufakwa umquba ezindaweni zokukhiqiza umquba ze-aerobic zikamasipala noma zezimboni.

Ingabe isitifiketi se-BPI sifana nokuhlanganiswa komquba ekhaya?

Akunjalo ngempela. Ububanzi besitifiketi kufanele buhlolwe ngokucophelela ngoba izimangalo zokukwazi ukukhiqiza umanyolo wezohwebo kanye nezimangalo zokukwazi ukukhiqiza umanyolo wezohwebo kanye nowekhaya zihlukile.

Ishidi le-PLA elinikezwa yi-HSQY lingakanani ubukhulu?

Ishidi le-thermoforming le-PLA lamanje le-HSQY limboza cishe u-0.15–3 mm kanye nobubanzi obuphezulu obungaba ngu-1300 mm.

I-HSQY inikeza ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT engakanani ubukhulu?

Umkhiqizo wamanje wefilimu ye-HSQY PLA/PBAT umboza cishe u-0.02–0.2 mm ububanzi obuphezulu bungaba ngu-1000 mm.

Ishidi le-PBS elingakanani elihlinzekwa yi-HSQY?

Ishidi le-PBS lamanje le-HSQY limboza cishe u-0.15–3 mm kanye nobubanzi obuphezulu obungaba ngu-1300 mm.

Ingabe amashidi afakwa umquba angashintshwa abe yi-thermoform?

Yebo. Amashidi e-PLA ne-PBS afanele angashintshwa abe amathreyi, izitsha kanye nokupakishwa kwe-clamshell. Izimo zokucubungula kufanele zilungiselelwe kahle izinto eziqondile kanye nobukhulu beshidi.

Ingabe i-PLA ifanelekile ekupakisheni ukudla okucacile?

I-Clear PLA isetshenziswa kabanzi ekufakweni kokudla okubandayo nokuzungezile okufana namathileyi okukhiqiza, amagobolondo e-clam, izinkomishi kanye nezivalo.

Ingabe ukupakishwa kwe-PLA kungafakwa kuma-microwave?

Ukupakishwa okujwayelekile kwe-PLA akufanele kuthathwe njengokuphephile kuma-microwave. Uma kudingeka ukufudumeza kuma-microwave, izinga eliqondile lokumelana nokushisa kanye nesitsha esiqediwe kumele kuqinisekiswe ngomjikelezo wokushisa ohlosiwe.

Ingabe ukupakishwa kwe-PLA kungafakwa kuhhavini?

Ukupakishwa kwe-PLA okujwayelekile okucacile ngokuvamile akuhloselwe ukusetshenziswa kwehhavini evamile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwa kuhhavini zidinga izinto eziqinisekisiwe ezahlukene kanye nomklamo wephakheji.

Ingabe i-PBS imelana nokushisa kakhulu kune-PLA?

I-PBS inganikeza ukusebenza okuwusizo kokushisa okumaphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PLA ejwayelekile emabangeni afanele, kodwa ikhono langempela lokushisa lincike ekwakhiweni, ukujiya, umthwalo kanye nomklamo womkhiqizo oqediwe.

Ingabe ukupakisha okufakwe umquba kuphephile ukuthi kuthinte ukudla?

Ukufaneleka kokuthintana nokudla kuhlukile ekuhlanganiseni umquba. Ukwakheka kwezinto eziqondile kanye nemibhalo kumele kuhambisane nezidingo ezifanele zemakethe yendawo kanye nezimo ezihlosiwe zokuthintana nokudla.

Ingabe ithreyi elinomanyolo lingavalwa ngefilimu yokumboza?

Amathileyi afanele angahlolwa ngezakhiwo zokumboza ezihambisanayo. Izinga lokushisa lesivalo, ingcindezi, isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nomklamo we-flange kumele kuqinisekiswe, futhi zonke izingxenye zephakheji kufanele zicatshangelwe uma iphakethe eliphelele lizoba nesicelo sokuhlanganiswa.

Ingabe ipulasitiki efakwa umquba iyaphuka endaweni yokulahla udoti?

Isimangalo sokuthi i-compostability ayiqinisekisi ukuwohloka okusheshayo endaweni yokulahla udoti. Izinto ezikwazi ukulahla udoti zenzelwe izimo ezithile zokucubungula izinto eziphilayo, ezihlukile ezimweni zokulahla udoti.

Ingabe ukubola komquba kusho ukuthi ulwandle lubola?

Cha. Ukuvundiswa kwezitshalo ezimbonini noma ekhaya akufanele kusetshenziswe njengobufakazi bokubola kwezinto zasolwandle. Izindawo ezahlukene zidinga ukuhlolwa okuhlukile kanye nezicelo.

Ingabe ipulasitiki ekwazi ukugqunywa ingaphinde isetshenziswe?

Amanye ama-biopolymer angase aphinde asetshenziswe ngobuchwepheshe ezinhlelweni ezinikezelwe, kodwa ingqalasizinda yokuqoqwa nokuhlunga yendawo iyahlukahluka. Abathengi kufanele balandele indlela ehlosiwe yokuphela kwempilo yephakheji ethile kanye nemakethe.

Ingabe ukuphrinta kuthinta ukumuncwa?

Kungakwenza. Uyinki, izembozo, izinamathiseli, amalebula kanye nezendlalelo ezifakwe i-laminate kungathinta isitifiketi sephakheji eliqediwe. Ukwakhiwa okuphelele kufanele kuhlolwe uma kudingeka isimangalo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-compost.

Ingabe i-HSQY ingakwazi ukwenza ngokwezifiso ubukhulu nobubanzi beshidi elinomanyolo?

Izimfuneko zobukhulu, ububanzi kanye nefomethi yokuphakelwa ngokwezifiso zingaxoxwa ngaphakathi kwamandla okukhiqiza ezinto ezikhethiwe ze-PLA, PLA/PBAT noma i-PBS.

Ngingacela amasampula okuhlolwa kwe-thermoforming?

Izinketho zesampula ezitholakalayo zingaxoxwa ngazo ukuze kuhlolwe ukwakheka kwe-thermoforming, ukucaca, ukuguquguquka, ukuvala, ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokuziphatha kokupakishwa okuqediwe.

Yiluphi ulwazi okufanele ngilunikeze ngekhotheshini?

Nikeza uhlelo lokufaka oluqediwe, izinto ezikhethwayo, ukujiya, ububanzi, inqubo yokuguqula ukushisa noma yokuguqula, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, isidingo sokuxhumana nokudla, indinganiso yokuba yinkimbinkimbi, ubuningi kanye nendawo okuzosetshenziswa kuyo.

Cela Isilinganiso Seshidi Lepulasitiki Elingavundiswa

Ufuna umkhiqizi weshidi lepulasitiki elikwazi ukumuncwa i-PLA , , umhlinzeki weshidi le-thermoforming le-PLA , /PBAT, umhlinzeki wefilimu ye-PLA/PBAT noma umhlinzeki weshidi le-PBS ukuze apakishe ngendlela eqhubekayo?

Thumela i-HSQY umkhiqizo wakho oqediwe, impahla edingekayo noma inhloso yokusebenza, ukujiya, ububanzi, inqubo yokuguqula ukushisa noma yokuguqula, izimo zokushisa kanye nenani lokuthenga. Uma kudingeka isitifiketi sokuhlanganiswa noma sokuxhumana nokudla, faka imakethe yendawo oya kuyo kanye nezinga eliqondile ukuze impahla efanele kanye nemibhalo kuhlolwe.