Ifilimu ye-HSQY PA/PE/EVOH enesivikelo esiphezulu ihlanganisa isivikelo se-oxygen se-EVOH, ukumelana nokubhoboza kwe-PA kanye nokusebenza kokuvala kwe-PE kokupakisha kwe-elekthronikhi kanye nezimboni. Itholakala ngobubanzi obungu-45–350μm kanye nobubanzi obungokwezifiso.
I-HSQY
Amafilimu Okupakisha Aguquguqukayo
Sula, Ngokwezifiso
| Ukutholakala: | |
|---|---|
I-High Barrier PA/PE/EVOH Ifilimu Ehlanganisiwe
Ifilimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HSQY high barrier PA/PE/EVOH iyifilimu yokupakisha eguquguqukayo enezingqimba eziningi eyenzelwe izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, imikhiqizo ehlobene ne-IC, izingxenye ze-LED, izingxenye zezimoto neminye imikhiqizo edinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile kwemishini kanye nokudluliswa komoya-mpilo okulawulwayo kanye nomswakama.
Isakhiwo esinezingqimba eziningi sihlanganisa i-PA yamandla nokumelana nokubhoboza, i-EVOH njengengqimba yokuvimbela i-oxygen negesi esebenza kahle kakhulu, i-PE yokuvala ukushisa kanye nokumelana nomhwamuko wamanzi, futhi ibopha izendlalelo ezibopha ama-polymer angahambisani nesakhiwo esizinzile esihlanganisiwe.
I-HSQY inikeza ifilimu kusukela ku-0.045mm kuya ku-0.35mm ubukhulu kanye nobubanzi obungu-160mm kuya ku-2600mm, ngezinketho ezicacile nezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Isakhiwo sefilimu, ubukhulu kanye nokupakishwa kungaxoxwa ngokuya ngemishini yekhasimende, umkhiqizo opakishiwe, isidingo sesithiyo kanye nobuningi be-oda.
Cela i-PA/PE/EVOH Ingcaphuno Yefilimu Nesampula
I-High Barrier Composite Film Roll
Ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH enezingqimba eziningi
Ifilimu Yokugoba Ehlanganisiwe Ye-elekthronikhi
Ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH iyinto yokufaka eguquguqukayo ehlanganisiwe noma ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ama-polymer amaningana ukuze ungqimba ngalunye lwenze umsebenzi ohlukile. Esikhundleni sokuthembela ku-polymer eyodwa ukuze kuqiniswe, kuqiniswe futhi kusebenze kahle, isakhiwo sihlanganisa izinto ezihambisanayo sibe yifilimu eyodwa.
I-EVOH isebenza kahle kakhulu njengesivikelo se-oxygen negesi kodwa ukusebenza kwesivikelo sayo kungathinteka umswakama. Esakhiweni esinezingqimba eziningi, i-PE nezinye izingqimba ezivikelayo zisiza ukuhlukanisa ungqimba lwe-EVOH ekuchayekeni ngqo kwemvelo ngenkathi futhi zinegalelo ekuvaleleni ukushisa kanye nokumelana nomhwamuko wamanzi.
Le nhlanganisela yenza izakhiwo ze-PA/EVOH/PE ezinezingqimba eziningi zibe usizo lapho abathengi bedinga khona ukucaca, ukuqina komshini, ukumelana nokubhoboza kanye nokudluliswa kwegesi okulawulwayo entweni eyodwa yokupakisha eguquguqukayo.
Lezi zincazelo ezilandelayo zisekelwe olwazini lwamanje lomkhiqizo we-HSQY. Isakhiwo sesendlalelo sokugcina kanye nokusebenza kobuchwepheshe kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokuya ngebanga elikhethiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa.
| Yendawo | Imininingwane |
|---|---|
| Igama Lomkhiqizo | I-High Barrier PA/PE/EVOH Ifilimu Ehlanganisiwe |
| Isakhiwo Esimele | I-PA/TIE/PP/TIE/PA/EVOH/PA/TIE/PE/PE/PE |
| Izinto Ezibalulekile | I-PA, PE, EVOH, PP kanye ne-Tie Layers ngokwesakhiwo esikhethiwe |
| Ubukhulu | 0.045mm–0.35mm, Kwenziwe Ngokwezifiso |
| Ububanzi | 160mm–2600mm, Kwenziwe ngezifiso |
| Umbala | Kucacile, Kwenziwe Ngokwezifiso |
| Isendlalelo Esiyinhloko Sesithiyo | I-EVOH yokusebenza okuphezulu komoya-mpilo kanye nokuvimbela igesi |
| Isendlalelo Semishini | I-PA inegalelo ekuqineni nasekumelaneni nokubhoboza |
| Isendlalelo Sokuvala/Somswakama | I-PE inegalelo ekuvaleni nasekumelaneni namanzi nomhwamuko |
| Izicelo | Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, Imikhiqizo Ehlobene ne-IC, Imichilo Yokukhanya ye-LED, Izingxenye Zezimoto |
| Izitifiketi | I-SGS, ISO 9001:2008 ngokwemininingwane yomkhiqizo yamanje |
| I-MOQ | 1000 kg |
| Imigomo Yokukhokha | I-T/T, i-L/C, i-Western Union, i-PayPal |
| Imigomo Yokulethwa | I-EXW, i-FOB, i-CNF, i-DDU |
| Isikhathi esiholayo | Izinsuku eziyi-7-15 zesisindo esingu-1-20,000 kg; kungaxoxiswana ngaso ngaphezu kuka-20,000 kg |
I-Polyamide, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-PA noma i-nylon, inegalelo ekuqineni, amandla omshini, ukumelana nokuklwebheka kanye nokumelana nokubhoboza. Lezi zakhiwo zibalulekile uma izingxenye ezipakishiwe ziqukethe amakhona, ama-lead noma izimo ezingajwayelekile ezingase zibeke ukucindezeleka komshini efilimini.
I-EVOH, noma i-ethylene vinyl alcohol, inikeza umsebenzi oyinhloko wokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye negesi ephezulu efilimini enezingqimba eziningi. Ngokuvamile ivikelwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezingqimba eziningi kunokuba ivezwe ngqo njengengqimba eyodwa engasekelwa.
I-Polyethylene inegalelo ekuguquguqukeni, ukusebenza kokuvala ukushisa kanye nokumelana nokudluliswa kwamanzi nomhwamuko. Ifasitela lokuvala eliqondile, amandla okuvala kanye nokusebenza kokuvimbela umswakama kuncike ekwakhiweni kwefilimu ekhethiwe, igeyiji kanye nezimo zokuguqula.
Izendlalelo zokubopha noma ze-resin ezinamathelayo zibopha ama-polymer afana ne-PA, i-EVOH, i-PP kanye ne-PE ndawonye ngoba lezi zinto azinamatheli ngokwemvelo ngokulinganayo. Umphumela uba isakhiwo sefilimu esinezingqimba eziningi ezihlanganisiwe.
Isithiyo Esiphezulu Se-Oxygen: Isendlalelo sangaphakathi se-EVOH sinikeza ukumelana okuqinile nomoya-mpilo kanye nokunye ukudluliswa kwegesi uma kufakwa esakhiweni esifanele sezingqimba eziningi.
Ukumelana Nomswakama: Izendlalelo ze-PE zinegalelo ekumelaneni namanzi nomhwamuko futhi zisiza ekuvikeleni ungqimba lwesithiyo se-EVOH ekuchayweni ngqo komswakama.
Ukumelana Nokubhoboza: I-PA ithuthukisa ukuqina kanye nokumelana nokubhoboza, okusiza ukugcina ubuqotho bephakheji ezungeze izingxenye ezinemiphetho noma izimo ezingajwayelekile.
Ukucaca Okuphezulu: Ukwakhiwa okucacile kwezingqimba eziningi kuvumela imikhiqizo noma izingxenye ezipakishiwe ukuthi zihlale zibonakala ukuze zihlolwe futhi zihlonzwe lapho kukhethwa khona ukupakishwa okusobala.
Amandla Okuvala Ukushisa: Izendlalelo ze-PE sealant zisekela ukupakishwa okuvaliwe ngokushisa. Izinga lokushisa elidingekayo lokuvalwa, isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nengcindezi kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokuya ngefilimu ekhethiwe kanye nemishini yokupakisha.
Ububanzi Bokujiya: Ubukhulu obusukela ku-0.045mm kuya ku-0.35mm buvumela ukuthi izinto zicatshangelwe ngefomethi ehlukene yokupakisha kanye nezidingo zokusebenza kwemishini.
Ububanzi Bokugoqa Okubanzi: Ububanzi obusukela ku-160mm kuya ku-2600mm buyasiza ekusekeleni ukucushwa okuhlukene kwemishini yokuguqula nokupakisha.
Isakhiwo Sezingqimba Eziningi Ezenziwe Ngokwezifiso: Isakhiwo sefilimu kanye nencazelo kungaxoxwa ngayo ngokwezimfuneko zokuvimbela, ukuvala, ezomshini kanye nezokuguqula.
Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi: Zifanele izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezikhethiwe ezidinga ukupakishwa okubonakalayo okuguquguqukayo okune-oxygen, umswakama kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela imishini.
Izingxenye Ezihlobene ne-IC: Zingahlolwa izingxenye kanye nezinhlangano lapho kudingeka khona ukuvikelwa kwezithiyo zemvelo, uma nje noma yikuphi ukucaciswa kwe-ESD okudingekayo noma ukulawula okungaguquki kuqinisekiswa ngokwehlukile.
Izicucu Zokukhanya ze-LED Nezingxenye Zokukhanyisa: Ifilimu ecacile ivumela ukubonakala komkhiqizo ngenkathi isiza ekuvikeleni imikhiqizo ngesikhathi sokugcina, ukuphatha kanye nokuthuthwa.
Izingxenye Ze-elekthronikhi Zezimoto: Amafilimu e-PA-layer amaningi ahlinzeka ngokuqina okuwusizo kwezingxenye zezimoto ezikhethiwe kanye nezesekeli lapho kudingeka khona ukupakishwa kwezithiyo eziguquguqukayo.
Izingxenye Zezimboni: Izinto zokwakha zingacatshangelwa futhi izimpahla zezimboni ezingezona ezokudla ezidinga ukupakishwa okubonakalayo, okumelana nokubhoboka kanye nokuguquguquka kwezithiyo eziphakeme.
Xoxa Ngesicelo Sakho Sokupakisha Se-elekthronikhi
Ifilimu ejwayelekile ye-PA/PE/EVOH enezivikelo eziphakeme akufanele ibhekwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengesikhwama sokuvikela se-ESD, ifilimu elwa nokungaguquguquki noma iphakheji yokusaphaza okungaguquki ngaphandle kokuthi umkhiqizo okhethiwe uklanywe futhi wahlolwa ngokuqondile lezo zakhiwo zikagesi.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokupakisha ze-semiconductor, PCB kanye nedivayisi ezwela umswakama zidinga imininingwane efana nokumelana nobuso, ukusatshalaliswa okungaguquki, ukuvikela ngogesi, i-MVTR kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso ezithile ze-ESD noma zokupakisha okomile. Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lunalezi zidingo, nikeza imininingwane eqondile kagesi kanye neyokuvimbela umswakama ku-HSQY ngaphambi koku-oda.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga kakhulu ukucaca, isithiyo se-oxygen, ukumelana nomhwamuko wamanzi, ukumelana nokubhoboza kanye nokuvalwa kokushisa ngaphandle kwemfuneko ethile yokuvikela i-ESD, ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH enezingqimba eziningi inganikeza ikhambi elifanele lokupakisha ngemva kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe.
| Isikhwama Sokuvinjelwa Komswakama se- | PA/PE/EVOH Film | Foil ESD |
|---|---|---|
| Ukucaca | Izinguqulo ezicacile ziyatholakala | Ngokuvamile akubonakali noma kumetallic |
| Isithiyo Se-Oxygen | Isithiyo esiphezulu sisebenzisa i-EVOH | Ngokuvamile kuphezulu kakhulu kuye ngesakhiwo se-foil |
| Isithiyo Somswakama | Kuncike ezingqimbeni ze-PE, ukujiya kanye nesakhiwo | Yakhelwe ukudlulisa umswakama ophansi kakhulu emabangeni afanele |
| Ukuvikela i-ESD | Akuzenzakaleli; kumele kuklanywe futhi kuhlolwe ngokukhethekile | Itholakala ngezakhiwo zokuvikela ze-ESD eziklanyelwe injongo ethile |
| Ukubonakala Komkhiqizo | Kuhle ekuhlolweni okubonakalayo | Ngokuvamile kunqunyelwe |
| Ukukhetha Okuvamile | Ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo okubonakalayo okunezithiyo eziphakeme | Ama-elekthronikhi azwela umswakama futhi azwela ukuqina adinga ukuvikelwa okucacisiwe kwe-ESD |
Nquma ukuthi iphrojekthi yakho inesilinganiso esithile sokudlulisa umoya-mpilo, isilinganiso sokudlulisa amanzi nomhwamuko noma isidingo sempilo yokugcina. Uma amanani e-OTR noma e-WVTR eshiwo kumininingwane yakho yobuchwepheshe, nikeza inani eliqondiwe kanye nendlela yokuhlola edingekayo.
Uma ingxenye ye-elekthronikhi epakishiwe ibucayi, chaza ukuthi udinga ukusebenza okulwa nokungaguquguquki, okusaphaza noma okuvikela ngogesi. Lena imisebenzi kagesi ehlukene futhi akufanele ithathwe ngokwakhiwa kwefilimu yokugoba kuphela.
I-HSQY okwamanje ibala ububanzi bokujiya obuphakathi kuka-0.045mm no-0.35mm. Ifilimu ejiyile inganikeza ukuqina okwengeziwe kwemishini, kuyilapho igeyiji efanele kufanele inqunywe yifomethi yephakheji, ukuma kwengxenye, inqubo yokuvala kanye nezidingo zokusebenza.
Nikeza ububanzi bomgoqo obudingekayo, ububanzi bomgoqo, usayizi oyinhloko kanye nolwazi lwemishini lapho kufanele khona. I-HSQY okwamanje ibala ububanzi obusukela ku-160mm kuya ku-2600mm.
Tshela i-HSQY ukuthi ifilimu izovalwa kanjani, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lomshini wokupakisha, indawo yokuvala, izinga lokushisa kanye namandla okuvala adingekayo uma etholakala. Lokhu kusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi isakhiwo se-sealant esikhethiwe siyafaneleka yini.
Izingxenye ezinamakhona abukhali, ama-terminal, ama-lead noma i-geometry engajwayelekile zingadinga ukumelana okukhulu kokubhoboza. Thumela izithombe, imidwebo noma amasampula lapho kungenzeka khona ukuze imfuneko yokupakisha ihlolwe ngokunembe kakhudlwana.
Kumaphrojekthi okupakisha obunjiniyela kanye nogesi, ukukhetha umkhiqizo kufanele kube ngokufanele kusekelwe kudatha yokusebenza elinganisekayo kunokuthi kusekelwe egameni lezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela. Cela idatha yobuchwepheshe efanele yebanga elithile lefilimu elicashuniwe.
I-OTR – Izinga Lokudlulisa I-Oxygen
I-WVTR / MVTR – Izinga Lokudlulisa Umhwamuko Wamanzi noma Umhwamuko Womswakama
Ukubekezelelana kobukhulu befilimu
Amandla okudonsa
Ukumelana nokubhoboza noma ukudabuka
Amandla okuvala
Izimo zokuvala ukushisa
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo noma ubumnyama lapho kufanele
Ukumelana nomphezulu uma kudingeka ukusebenza okulwa nokungaguquguquki
Ukusebenza kokuvikela kwe-ESD uma kudingeka
Indlela yokuhlola esebenzayo kanye nombiko wokuhlola
Ukuze ukhethe ifilimu ngokushesha kanye nesilinganiso esinembile, sicela unikeze ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka olulandelayo:
Umkhiqizo opakishiwe noma ingxenye kagesi
Ubukhulu befilimu obudingekayo
Ububanzi obudingekayo
Ubude bomgoqo, ububanzi bomgoqo noma usayizi oyinhloko
Isakhiwo esidingekayo sezingqimba eziningi uma sesivele sichaziwe
I-OTR edingekayo noma isithiyo se-oxygen
I-WVTR / MVTR noma isithiyo somswakama esidingekayo
Izidingo zokuvala ukushisa
Imfuneko yokumelana nokubhoboza
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-ESD noma okulwa nokungaguquguquki kuyadingeka
Ulwazi lomshini wokupakisha
Inani elidingekayo
Izitifiketi noma amazinga okuhlola adingekayo
Izwe kanye nechweba lapho uya khona
Thola Intengo Yefilimu Enezithiyo Eziphezulu
Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo we-HSQY lubala imibhalo ye-SGS kanye ne-ISO 9001:2008. Kumaphrojekthi e-elekthronikhi adinga izivimbelo ezithile, i-ESD, izinto ezibonakalayo, izindinganiso zemvelo noma zemboni, sicela unikeze idokhumenti eqondile noma imfuneko yokuhlola ngaphambi koku-oda ukuze ulwazi olutholakalayo olusekelayo luqinisekiswe.

I-HSQY Plastic Group ihlangana namakhasimende omhlaba wonke kanye nabalingani bemboni ngokusebenzisa imibukiso yepulasitiki, ukupakisha kanye nezinto ezithengiswayo ezimakethe ezibalulekile zomhlaba wonke.
Umbukiso waseMexico ka-2024
Umbukiso wasePhilippines ka-2025
Umbukiso waseParis ka-2024
Umbukiso waseSaudi ka-2023
Umbukiso waseMelika ka-2024
Umbukiso waseShanghai ka-2017
Umbukiso waseShanghai ka-2018
Umbukiso waseMelika ka-2023
Ukukhiqizwa Kwamafilimu Anezithiyo Eziphezulu
Ukupakisha Ifilimu
Ukupakisha Okuthunyelwe Kwangaphandle
Ukupakisha Isampula: Amasampula efilimu apakishwe ezikhwameni ze-PP noma emabhokisini okuvikela.
Ukupakisha Amaroli: Amaroli efilimu asongwe ngefilimu ye-PE, iphepha le-kraft noma izinto zokuvikela ezifanele.
Ukupakisha Amaphalethi: Cishe ama-500–2000kg ngephalethi ngalinye le-plywood kuye ngobukhulu bomgoqo kanye nezidingo ze-oda.
Ukulayishwa Kwesitsha: Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubala cishe amathani angu-20 ngesitsha ngasinye njengereferensi yokulayisha ejwayelekile.
Imigomo Yokulethwa: EXW, FOB, CNF kanye ne-DDU.
Isikhathi Sokuhola: Cishe izinsuku eziyi-7-15 zama-oda asukela ku-1-20,000kg, kanti ama-oda amakhulu ancike ekuhleleni nasekuxoxisaneni ngokukhiqiza.
Ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH iwukupakisha okuguquguqukayo okunezingqimba eziningi okuhlanganisa i-polyamide, i-polyethylene kanye ne-resin yesithiyo se-EVOH. I-PA inikela ngamandla omshini, i-EVOH inikeza ukusebenza kahle kwesithiyo se-oxygen kanti i-PE inikela ekuvaleni nasekumelaneni namanzi nomhwamuko.
I-EVOH ine-oxygen ephansi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nama-polymer amaningi avamile okupakisha. Ekupakisheni okunezingqimba eziningi, ivame ukuvikelwa phakathi kwamanye ama-polymer ngoba umswakama ungathinta ukusebenza kwayo kokuvimbela umoya-mpilo.
Ingafaneleka ezingxenyeni ezikhethiwe ze-elekthronikhi nezezimboni ezidinga ukupakishwa okubonakalayo okunezivikelo eziphakeme kanye nokugobhoza okungabhobozi. Ifilimu efanele kufanele ikhethwe ngokuya ngengxenye, i-OTR noma i-WVTR edingekayo, indlela yokuvala kanye nanoma yiziphi izidingo zokuvikela kagesi.
Hhayi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukwakheka okujwayelekile kwe-PA/PE/EVOH akubonisi ukusebenza kokuvikela okungaguquki, okungaguquki noma kwe-ESD. Uma idivayisi yakho ye-elekthronikhi idinga ukuvikelwa kwe-ESD, nikeza ukumelana kwendawo okudingekayo, ukuvikela noma indinganiso ye-ESD esebenzayo ngaphambi koku-oda.
I-PE nezinye izendlalelo zangaphandle zingaba negalelo ekumelaneni namanzi nomhwamuko, kuyilapho i-EVOH ngokuyinhloko ihlinzeka ngokusebenza kokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye negesi. Kuma-elekthronikhi azwela umswakama, i-WVTR noma i-MVTR edingekayo kufanele icaciswe futhi iqinisekiswe izinga langempela lefilimu.
I-HSQY okwamanje ibala ubukhulu obusukela ku-0.045mm kuya ku-0.35mm. Ubukhulu obufanele bungaxoxwa ngokuya ngefomethi yokupakisha, amandla omshini kanye nezidingo zokuvimbela.
Imininingwane yomkhiqizo wamanje ibala ububanzi obusukela ku-160mm kuya ku-2600mm. Nikeza ububanzi bomshini wakho, ubukhulu bomgoqo obudingekayo kanye nencazelo eyinhloko uma ucela ikhotheshini.
Izakhiwo zefilimu ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zingaxoxwa ngokuya ngokusebenza kwesithiyo esidingekayo, indawo yokuvala, amandla omshini, ukujiya kanye nendlela yokucubungula. Ukusebenziseka kokugcina kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa.
Izendlalelo ze-sealant ezisekelwe ku-PE zingasekela ukuvalwa kokushisa. Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokuvala, ingcindezi, isikhathi sokuhlala kanye namandla okuvala kuncike esakhiweni sefilimu kanye nomshini wokupakisha, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa ngaphambi kokukhiqiza ngobuningi kuyanconywa.
Yebo. Amasampula angaxoxwa ngawo ukuze kuhlolwe ukucaca, ukujiya, ukuvala, izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokuhambisana nenqubo yakho yokupakisha. Nikeza isakhiwo sakho, ukujiya, ububanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa okudingekayo uma ucela isampula.
Sicela unikeze umkhiqizo opakishiwe, ubukhulu befilimu, ububanzi, ubukhulu bomgoqo, isidingo sokuvimbela, isidingo sokuvala ukushisa, ubuningi, indawo oya kuyo nokuthi ngabe kuyadingeka yini ukusebenza kwe-ESD noma okulwa nokungaguquguquki. Imidwebo ye-OTR, i-WVTR noma yobuchwepheshe iwusizo kakhulu uma itholakala.
I-HSQY Plastic Group inikeza amafilimu okupakisha aguquguqukayo, amafilimu anezingqimba eziningi ezivimbelwe kakhulu, amathreyi okupakisha kanye nemikhiqizo yephepha lepulasitiki kumakhasimende e-B2B aphesheya. Le nkampani isekela amakhasimende ngokukhetha izinto, imininingwane eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, ukuhlolwa kwesampula, ukupakisha kwamanye amazwe kanye nokunikezwa okusekelwe kuphrojekthi.
Kumaphrojekthi okupakisha e-elekthronikhi nawezimboni, thumela i-HSQY isakhiwo sakho sefilimu, ubukhulu, ububanzi, imininingwane yesithiyo, imfuneko yokuvala kanye nolwazi lwezingxenye ezipakishiwe. Lapho kuchazwe khona i-OTR, i-WVTR, i-ESD noma ezinye izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe, faka lezo zidingo ukuze umkhiqizo ofanele uhlolwe ngaphambi koku-oda ngobuningi.
Isigaba Somkhiqizo
okuqukethwe akunalutho!
Ake Sithole Isixazululo Esifanele Sepulasitiki