Ifilimu ye-HSQY PA/PE/EVOH enomqobo ophezulu idibanisa umqobo we-oksijini we-EVOH, ukumelana nokubhoboza kwe-PA kunye nokusebenza kokutywina kwe-PE ukuze kupakishwe nge-elektroniki nakwimizi-mveliso. Ifumaneka ngobubanzi obuyi-45–350μm kunye nobubanzi obulungiselelwe wena.
I-HSQY
Iifilimu zokuPakisha eziguquguqukayo
Ecacileyo, Ngokwezifiso
| Ukufumaneka: | |
|---|---|
Isithintelo esiPhakamileyo se-PA/PE/EVOH iFilimu eDityanisiweyo
Ifilimu edityanisiweyo ye-HSQY ene-high barrier PA/PE/EVOH yifilimu yokupakisha eguquguqukayo eneziteya ezininzi eyenzelwe izinto ze-elektroniki, iimveliso ezinxulumene ne-IC, izinto ze-LED, iindawo zeemoto kunye nezinye iimveliso ezifuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo loomatshini kunye ne-oxygen elawulwayo kunye nokuhanjiswa komswakama.
Isakhiwo esineengqimba ezininzi sidibanisa i-PA yokumelana namandla kunye nokubhoboza, i-EVOH njengomaleko we-oxygen kunye negesi osebenza kakuhle, i-PE yokuvala ubushushu kunye nokumelana nomphunga wamanzi, kwaye ibopha iingqimba ezidibanisa iipolymers ezingahambelaniyo kwisakhiwo esizinzileyo esidibeneyo.
I-HSQY ibonelela ngefilimu ukusuka kwi-0.045mm ukuya kwi-0.35mm ubukhulu kunye ne-160mm ukuya kwi-2600mm ububanzi, kunye neendlela ezicacileyo nezilungiselelwe wena. Ulwakhiwo lwefilimu, ubungakanani kunye nokupakishwa kwayo kunokuxoxwa ngokwezixhobo zomthengi, imveliso epakishiweyo, imfuneko yesithintelo kunye nobungakanani beodolo.
Cela i-PA/PE/EVOH iQuote yeFilimu kunye neSampuli
Ifilimu Ehlanganisiweyo Enomqobo Ophezulu
Ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH enamaleya amaninzi
Ifilimu Yokuthintela Ukupakisha Ngombane
Ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH sisixhobo sokupakisha esinobubanzi obuninzi okanye esidityanisiweyo esidibanisa iipolymers ezininzi ukuze umaleko ngamnye wenze umsebenzi owahlukileyo. Endaweni yokuxhomekeka kwipolymer enye ukuze kubekho amandla, ukutywina kunye nokusebenza kwesithintelo, isakhiwo sidibanisa izinto ezihambelanayo kwifilimu enye.
I-EVOH isebenza kakhulu njengomqobo weoksijini negesi kodwa ukusebenza kwayo komqobo kunokuchaphazeleka kukufuma. Kwisakhiwo esineengqimba ezininzi, i-PE kunye nezinye iingqimba zokukhusela zinceda ukwahlula umaleko we-EVOH ekuchaphazelweni ngqo kokusingqongileyo ngelixa zikwanegalelo ekuvalekeni kobushushu kunye nokumelana nomphunga wamanzi.
Olu didi lwenza izakhiwo ze-PA/EVOH/PE ezinamanqwanqwa amaninzi zibe luncedo apho abathengi bafuna ukucaca, ukuqina koomatshini, ukumelana nokugqobhoza kunye nokudluliselwa kwegesi okulawulwayo kwisixhobo esinye sokupakisha esiguquguqukayo.
Ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo zisekelwe kulwazi lwangoku lwemveliso ye-HSQY. Ulwakhiwo lokugqibela lweleya kunye nokusebenza kobugcisa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokwenqanaba elikhethiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
| zePropati | Iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Igama lemveliso | Isithintelo esiPhakamileyo se-PA/PE/EVOH iFilimu eDityanisiweyo |
| Ulwakhiwo loMmeli | PA/TIE/PP/TIE/PA/EVOH/PA/TIE/PE/PE/PE |
| Izinto eziphambili | I-PA, PE, EVOH, PP kunye neeTie Layers ngokwesakhiwo esikhethiweyo |
| Ubukhulu | 0.045mm–0.35mm, Yenzelwe wena |
| Ububanzi | 160mm–2600mm, Yenzelwe wena |
| Umbala | Icacile, Yenzelwe Wena |
| Umaleko oPhambili woMqobo | I-EVOH yokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-oksijini kunye nomqobo wegesi |
| Umaleko woomatshini | I-PA inegalelo ekomeleleni nasekuxhathiseni ukubhoboza |
| I-Sealant / Ulwelo lokufuma | I-PE inegalelo ekutywinweni nasekuchaseni amanzi nomphunga |
| Izicelo | Iinxalenye ze-elektroniki, Iimveliso ezinxulumene ne-IC, ii-LED Light Strips, ii-Aparts zeMoto |
| Iziqinisekiso | I-SGS, ISO 9001:2008 ngokweenkcukacha zemveliso zangoku |
| I-MOQ | 1000 kg |
| Immimiselo yokuhlawula | T/T, L/C, Western Union, PayPal |
| Imigaqo yokuhanjiswa | I-EXW, i-FOB, i-CNF, i-DDU |
| Ixesha lokukhokhela | Iintsuku ezi-7–15 ze-1–20,000 kg; kuxoxiswana ngayo ngaphezu kwe-20,000 kg |
I-Polyamide, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-PA okanye i-nylon, inegalelo ekuqineni, amandla oomatshini, ukumelana nokukrweleka kunye nokumelana nokubhoboza. Ezi mpawu zibalulekile xa izinto ezipakishiweyo zineekona, iileyiti okanye iimilo ezingaqhelekanga ezinokubeka uxinzelelo loomatshini kwifilimu.
I-EVOH, okanye i-ethylene vinyl alcohol, inika umsebenzi oyintloko wokuthintela ioksijini kunye negesi kwifilimu ye-multilayer. Ihlala ikhuselwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-multilayer endaweni yokuba ivezwe ngokuthe ngqo njengomaleko omnye ongaxhaswayo.
I-Polyethylene inegalelo ekuguquguqukeni, ukusebenza kokuvala ubushushu kunye nokumelana nokudluliselwa kwamanzi nomphunga. Ifestile yokutywina echanekileyo, amandla okutywina kunye nokusebenza kokuthintela ukufuma kuxhomekeke kwifomyula yefilimu ekhethiweyo, igeyiji kunye neemeko zokuguqula.
Iileya ze-Tie okanye ze-adhesive-resin zidibanisa ii-polymers ezifana ne-PA, i-EVOH, i-PP kunye ne-PE kuba ezi zinto azinamatheli ngokulinganayo ngokwemvelo. Isiphumo sisakhiwo sefilimu esidibeneyo esineeleya ezininzi.
Umqobo we-oksijini ophezulu: Umaleko wangaphakathi we-EVOH unika ukumelana okunamandla kwi-oksijini nakwezinye izinto ezisasazwa yigesi xa ufakwe kwisakhiwo esifanelekileyo se-multilayer.
Ukumelana nokufuma: Iileya ze-PE zinegalelo ekumelaneni namanzi nomphunga kwaye zinceda ekukhuseleni umaleko wesithintelo se-EVOH ekuchatshazelweni ngqo kukufuma.
Ukumelana nokubhoboza: I-PA iphucula ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokubhoboza, inceda ukugcina ukuthembeka kwephakheji ejikeleze izinto ezinemiphetho okanye iimilo ezingaqhelekanga.
Ukucaca Okuphezulu: Ukwakhiwa okucacileyo kwe-multilayer kuvumela iimveliso okanye izinto ezipakishiweyo ukuba zihlale zibonakala ukuze zihlolwe kwaye zichongwe apho ukupakishwa okucacileyo kukhethwa khona.
Amandla okuVala ubushushu: Iileya ze-PE sealant zixhasa ukupakishwa okuvalwe ubushushu. Ubushushu obufunekayo bokutywina, ixesha lokuhlala kunye noxinzelelo kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokwefilimu ekhethiweyo kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha.
Uluhlu Olubanzi Lobukhulu: Ubukhulu obuqala kwi-0.045mm ukuya kwi-0.35mm buvumela ukuba izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ziqwalaselwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha kunye neemfuno zokusebenza koomatshini.
Ububanzi beRoll ebanzi: Ububanzi ukusuka kwi-160mm ukuya kwi-2600mm bunceda ukuxhasa uhlengahlengiso olwahlukeneyo lwezixhobo zokuguqula kunye nokupakisha.
Ulwakhiwo lweZixhobo ezininzi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso: Ulwakhiwo lwefilimu kunye neenkcukacha zayo zingaxoxwa ngokweemfuno zomqobo, ukutywina, oomatshini kunye nokuguqula.
Izinto ze-elektroniki: Zifanelekile kwizinto ze-elektroniki ezikhethiweyo ezifuna ukupakishwa okucacileyo okuguquguqukayo okuneoksijini, umswakama kunye neempawu zokuthintela oomatshini.
Iinxalenye ezinxulumene ne-IC: Zingavavanywa kwiinxalenye kunye neendibano apho kufuneka ukhuseleko lwemiqobo yokusingqongileyo, ukuba nayiphi na i-ESD efunekayo okanye iinkcukacha zolawulo oluzinzileyo ziqinisekisiwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
Iziqwenga zezibane ze-LED kunye neenxalenye zokukhanyisa: Ifilimu ecacileyo ivumela ukubonakala kwemveliso ngelixa inceda ukukhusela iimveliso ngexesha lokugcina, ukuphatha kunye nokuthuthwa.
Iinxalenye ze-elektroniki zeemoto: Iifilimu ezininzi ezisekwe kwi-PA zibonelela ngokuqina okuluncedo kwiinxalenye zemoto ezikhethiweyo kunye nezixhobo apho kufuneka khona ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo.
Izinto Ezisetyenziswa Kwimizi-mveliso: Ezi zinto zingaqwalaselwa nakwiimpahla zemizi-mveliso ezingezizo zokutya ezifuna ukupakishwa okucacileyo, okumelana nokubhoboka kunye nokuguquguquka okukhulu.
Xoxa ngesicelo sakho sokuPakisha nge-elektroniki
Ifilimu eqhelekileyo ye-PA/PE/EVOH enemiqobo ephezulu akufuneki ithathwe ngokuzenzekelayo njengengxowa yokukhusela ye-ESD, ifilimu echasene nokunganyakazi okanye ukupakisha okunganyakaziyo ngaphandle kokuba imveliso ekhethiweyo iyilwe kwaye ivavanywe ngokukodwa kwezo mpawu zombane.
Ezinye izicelo zokupakisha izixhobo ze-semiconductor, PCB kunye ne-moisture-sensitive zifuna iinkcukacha ezinje ngokumelana nomphezulu, ukusasazwa kwe-static, ukukhuselwa kwe-electrostatic, i-MVTR kunye nokuthobela imigangatho ethile ye-ESD okanye imigangatho yokupakisha eyomileyo. Ukuba isicelo sakho sinale mfuno, nika iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo zombane kunye ne-moisture-barrier kwi-HSQY ngaphambi kokuba u-odole.
Kwizicelo ezifuna ukucaca, umqobo weoksijini, ukumelana nomphunga wamanzi, ukumelana nokubhoboza kunye nokutywinwa kobushushu ngaphandle kwemfuneko ethile yokukhusela i-ESD, ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH eneeleya ezininzi inokubonelela ngesisombululo esifanelekileyo sokupakisha emva kovavanyo lobuchwephesha.
| Ingxowa yoKhetho lwe | -PA/PE/EVOH Film | Foil ESD Moisture Barrier Bag |
|---|---|---|
| Ukungafihlisi | Iinguqulelo ezicacileyo ziyafumaneka | Ngokwesiqhelo ayibonakali kakuhle okanye yenziwe ngesinyithi |
| Isithintelo seoksijini | Umqobo ophezulu usebenzisa i-EVOH | Ngokwesiqhelo iphezulu kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwisakhiwo sefoyile |
| Umqobo wokufuma | Kuxhomekeke kwiileya ze-PE, ubukhulu kunye nolwakhiwo | Yenzelwe ukuhambisa umswakama ophantsi kakhulu kwiindidi ezifanelekileyo |
| Ukukhusela i-ESD | Ayizenzekeli; kufuneka iyilwe kwaye ivavanywe ngokukodwa | Ifumaneka kwizakhiwo zokukhusela ze-ESD ezenzelwe injongo ethile |
| Ukubonakala kweMveliso | Ilungele ukujongwa ngamehlo | Ihlala ilinganiselwe |
| Ukhetho Oluqhelekileyo | Ukupakishwa okuguquguqukayo okubonakalayo okunomqobo ophezulu | Izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinobuthathaka kumswakama kunye nobuthathaka obungaguqukiyo ezifuna ukhuseleko oluchaziweyo lwe-ESD |
Qinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi yakho inesantya esithile sokudluliselwa kweoksijini, isantya sokudluliselwa komphunga wamanzi okanye imfuneko yokugcina ixesha. Ukuba amaxabiso e-OTR okanye e-WVTR achazwe kwiinkcukacha zakho zobugcisa, nika ixabiso ekujoliswe kulo kunye nendlela yovavanyo efunekayo.
Ukuba icandelo le-elektroniki elipakishiweyo libuthathaka kwi-static, chaza ukuba ufuna ukusebenza kwe-anti-static, static-dissipative okanye electrostatic-shielding. Le yimisebenzi yombane eyahlukileyo kwaye akufuneki ithathwe kwi-barrier-film composition kuphela.
I-HSQY okwangoku idwelisa uluhlu lobukhulu obuphakathi kwe-0.045mm ukuya kwi-0.35mm. Ifilimu etyebileyo inokubonelela ngokuqina okongeziweyo koomatshini, ngelixa igeyiji echanekileyo kufuneka imiselwe yifomathi yephakheji, imo yecandelo, inkqubo yokutywina kunye neemfuno zokusebenza.
Nika ulwazi olufunekayo malunga nobubanzi bomqukumbelo, ububanzi bomqukumbelo, ubungakanani bombindi kunye nezixhobo apho kufanelekileyo. I-HSQY okwangoku idwelisa ububanzi ukusuka kwi-160mm ukuya kwi-2600mm.
Xelela i-HSQY indlela ifilimu eza kuvalwa ngayo, kuquka uhlobo lomatshini wokupakisha, umphezulu wokuvala, ubushushu kunye namandla afunekayo okuvala xa efumaneka. Oku kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba isakhiwo se-sealant esikhethiweyo sifanelekile na.
Izinto ezineekona ezibukhali, iiterminals, iileads okanye i-geometry engacwangciswanga zinokufuna ukumelana okukhulu kokubhoboza. Thumela iifoto, imizobo okanye iisampulu apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuze imfuneko yokupakishwa ivavanywe ngokuchanekileyo.
Kwiprojekthi zokupakisha zobunjineli neze-elektroniki, ukhetho lwemveliso kufuneka lusekelwe kwidatha yokusebenza elinganisekayo kunokuba lusekelwe kwigama lezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela. Cela idatha yobugcisa efanelekileyo yomgangatho othile wefilimu ecatshulwayo.
I-OTR - Izinga lokuThunyelwa kweOksijini
I-WVTR / MVTR – Isantya Sokudluliselwa Komphunga Wamanzi okanye Umphunga
Ukunyamezelana kobukhulu befilimu
Tensile strength
Ukumelana nokubhoboza okanye ukukrazula
Amandla okutywina
Iimeko zokuvala ubushushu
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo okanye inkungu xa kufanelekile
Ukumelana nomphezulu ukuba kufuneka ukusebenza okuchasene nokuma
Ukusebenza kwe-ESD yokukhusela ukuba kuyimfuneko
Indlela yovavanyo esebenzayo kunye nengxelo yovavanyo
Ukuze ukhethe ifilimu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ufumane isicatshulwa esichanekileyo, nceda unikeze ulwazi oluninzi kangangoko unako:
Imveliso epakishiweyo okanye icandelo le-elektroniki
Ubukhulu befilimu obufunekayo
Ububanzi obufunekayo
Ubude bomqulu, ububanzi bomqulu okanye ubungakanani bombindi
Ulwakhiwo olufunekayo lweeleya ezininzi ukuba sele luchaziwe
I-OTR efunekayo okanye umqobo weoksijini
I-WVTR / MVTR efunekayo okanye isithintelo somswakama
Iimfuneko zokuvala ubushushu
Imfuneko yokumelana nokubhoboza
Nokuba i-ESD okanye i-anti-static performance iyafuneka na
Ulwazi lomatshini wokupakisha
Ubungakanani obufunekayo
Iziqinisekiso ezifunekayo okanye imigangatho yovavanyo
Ilizwe kunye nezibuko apho uya khona
Fumana ixabiso leFilimu eBarrier ephezulu
Ulwazi lwangoku lwemveliso ye-HSQY ludwelisa amaxwebhu e-SGS kunye ne-ISO 9001:2008. Kwiiprojekthi ze-elektroniki ezifuna imiqobo ethile, i-ESD, izinto, imigangatho yokusingqongileyo okanye yeshishini, nceda unikezele ngoxwebhu oluchanekileyo okanye imfuneko yovavanyo ngaphambi kokuba u-odole ukuze ulwazi oluxhasayo olufumanekayo luqinisekiswe.

I-HSQY Plastic Group idibana nabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye namaqabane oshishino ngokusebenzisa imiboniso yeplastiki, ukupakisha kunye nezinto eziphathekayo kwiimarike eziphambili zehlabathi.
Umboniso waseMexico ka-2024
Umboniso wasePhilippines ka-2025
Umboniso waseParis ka-2024
Umboniso waseSaudi ka-2023
Umboniso waseMelika ka-2024
Umboniso weShanghai ka-2017
Umboniso weShanghai ka-2018
Umboniso waseMelika ka-2023
Imveliso yeeFilimu eziBanda kakhulu
Ukupakisha iRoll yeFilimu
Ukupakisha ngaphandle
Ukupakisha isampuli: Iisampulu zefilimu zipakishwe kwiingxowa zePP okanye kwiibhokisi zokukhusela.
Ukupakisha iiRoll: Iiroll zefilimu zisongelwe ngefilimu ye-PE, iphepha le-kraft okanye izinto ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela.
Ukupakisha iipalethi: Malunga ne-500–2000kg ngepalethi yeplywood nganye kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bomqukumbelo kunye neemfuno zeodolo.
Ukulayisha kwiContainer: Ulwazi lwangoku lwemveliso ludwelisa malunga neetoni ezingama-20 kwicontainer nganye njengereferensi yokulayisha eqhelekileyo.
Imigaqo yokuhanjiswa: EXW, FOB, CNF kunye neDDU.
Ixesha Lokukhokela: Malunga neentsuku ezisi-7–15 zeeodolo ukusuka kwi-1–20,000kg, kunye neeodolo ezinkulu ezixhomekeke kwishedyuli yemveliso kunye nengxoxo.
Ifilimu ye-PA/PE/EVOH sisixhobo sokupakisha esiguquguqukayo esinee-multilayer esidibanisa i-polyamide, i-polyethylene kunye ne-EVOH barrier resin. I-PA inegalelo kumandla oomatshini, i-EVOH ibonelela ngokusebenza komqobo weoksijini kwaye i-PE inegalelo ekutywinweni nasekuchaseni umphunga wamanzi.
I-EVOH ine-oxygen permeability ephantsi kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nee-polymers ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zokupakisha. Kwi-multilayer packaging, idla ngokukhuselwa phakathi kwezinye ii-polymers kuba ukufuma kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo kwe-oxygen-barrier.
Ingafaneleka kwiinxalenye ezikhethiweyo ze-elektroniki nezemizi-mveliso ezifuna ukupakishwa okucacileyo okunokuthintela ukubhoboza nokungagqabhuki. Ifilimu echanekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokwecandelo, i-OTR okanye i-WVTR efunekayo, indlela yokutywina kunye nazo naziphi na iimfuno zokukhusela umbane.
Ayizenzekeli ngokuzenzekelayo. Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lwe-PA/PE/EVOH alubonisi ukusebenza kwe-anti-static, static-dissipative okanye ESD shielding. Ukuba isixhobo sakho se-elektroniki sifuna ukhuseleko lwe-ESD, bonelela ngokumelana nomphezulu okufunekayo, isikhuselo okanye umgangatho we-ESD ofanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba u-odole.
I-PE kunye nezinye iileya zangaphandle zinokuba negalelo ekuchaseni amanzi nomphunga, ngelixa i-EVOH ngokuyintloko ibonelela ngokusebenza kokuthintela ioksijini kunye negesi. Kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezibuthathaka kumswakama, i-WVTR okanye i-MVTR efunekayo kufuneka ichazwe kwaye iqinisekiswe kwinqanaba lefilimu yokwenyani.
I-HSQY okwangoku idwelisa ubukhulu ukusuka kwi-0.045mm ukuya kwi-0.35mm. Ubukhulu obulungiselelwe wena bungaxoxwa ngokwefomathi yokupakisha, amandla oomatshini kunye neemfuno zomqobo.
Iinkcukacha zemveliso zangoku zidwelisa ububanzi ukusuka kwi-160mm ukuya kwi-2600mm. Nika ububanzi bomatshini wakho, ubungakanani bomqengqeleko obufunekayo kunye neenkcukacha eziphambili xa ucela ikowuteshini.
Izakhiwo zefilimu ezenzelwe wena zinokuxoxwa ngokwendlela ezisebenza ngayo izithintelo, umphezulu wokutywina, amandla oomatshini, ubukhulu kunye nendlela yokucubungula. Ukufaneleka kokugqibela kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe.
Iileya zesitywina ezisekelwe kwi-PE zinokuxhasa ukutywinwa kobushushu. Ubushushu obuchanekileyo bokutywinwa, uxinzelelo, ixesha lokuhlala kunye namandla okutywinwa kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sefilimu kunye nomatshini wokupakisha, ngoko ke uvavanyo ngaphambi kokuveliswa ngobuninzi luyacetyiswa.
Ewe. Iisampulu zingaxoxwa ukuze kujongwe ukucaca, ubukhulu, ukutywinwa, iimpawu zoomatshini kunye nokuhambelana nenkqubo yakho yokupakisha. Nika ulwakhiwo olufunekayo, ubukhulu, ububanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa xa ucela isampulu.
Nceda unikeze imveliso epakishiweyo, ubukhulu befilimu, ububanzi, ubungakanani bomqukumbelo, imfuneko yokuthintela ubushushu, ubungakanani, indawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nokuba kufuneka ukusebenza kwe-ESD okanye okuchasene nokuma. Imizobo ye-OTR, i-WVTR okanye yobugcisa iluncedo ngakumbi xa ikhona.
I-HSQY Plastic Group inikezela ngeefilimu zokupakisha eziguquguqukayo, iifilimu ezinee-high-barrier multilayer, iitreyi zokupakisha kunye neemveliso zeplastiki kubathengi be-B2B bamazwe ngamazwe. Le nkampani ixhasa abathengi ngokukhetha izinto, iinkcukacha ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, uvavanyo lweesampuli, ukupakisha kwamanye amazwe kunye nokubonelela ngeprojekthi.
Kwiprojekthi zokupakisha ze-elektroniki nezemizi-mveliso, thumela i-HSQY isakhiwo sefilimu yakho, ubukhulu, ububanzi, iinkcukacha zomqobo, imfuneko yokutywina kunye nolwazi olupakishweyo. Apho i-OTR, i-WVTR, i-ESD okanye eminye imigangatho yobugcisa ichaziwe, faka ezo mfuno ukuze imveliso efanelekileyo ivavanywe ngaphambi kokuba u-odole ngobuninzi.
Udidi lweMveliso
umxholo awunanto!