Iphaneli Yodonga Eqinile Ye-Polycarbonate Engu-16mm Yokucwebezelisa Okuphephile

Iphaneli Yodonga Eqinile Ye-Polycarbonate Engu-16mm Yokucwebezelisa Okuphephile

Iphaneli yodonga ye-polycarbonate eqinile engu-HSQY engu-16mm ihlanganisa ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okuphezulu, ukumelana nokushayisana kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-UV okukodwa noma okubili okungakhethwa ukuze kufakwe ingilazi yokuphepha, izingxenye, amafasitela okubuka kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela odongeni.

I-polycarbonate eqinile impahla yeshidi iyiphaneli yepulasitiki yobunjiniyela eyisicaba, esobala eyenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho abathengi bedinga ukubonakala, ukumelana nokushayisana, isisindo esinciphile uma kuqhathaniswa nengilazi kanye nokwenziwa okulula. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekufakeni ingilazi ngokuphepha, amaphaneli odonga, izingxenye ezicacile, izikrini zokuvikela kanye nokufakeni ingilazi yezakhiwo.

Leli khasi ligxile kunketho ye-polycarbonate eqinile engu-16mm. Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo we-HSQY luphinde lubhale ubukhulu obujwayelekile obuqinile- impahla yeshidi kusukela ku-1.5mm kuya ku-12mm, ububanzi obungu-1220mm, 1560mm, 1820mm kanye no-2100mm, kanye nombala ocacile, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsundu, onsundu, o-opal kanye nombala ongenziwa ngezifiso.

Imininingwane Yephaneli Yodonga Eqinile Ye-Polycarbonate

Qaphela Imininingwane: Isihloko sekhasi lamanje sikhomba umkhiqizo ongu-16mm, kanti amapharamitha omkhiqizo aphezulu abonisa uhlu oluyi-1.5-12mm. Okuqukethwe okuningiliziwe kusho ngokwahlukana ukuthi u-16mm uyatholakala. Ukuze uthole i-oda elingu-16mm, qinisekisa ukutholakala kwangempela kokukhiqiza, ububanzi, ukubekezelelana kobukhulu, isisindo impahla yeshidi kanye nedatha yobuchwepheshe esebenzayo ngaphambi kokuvunyelwa kokugcina.

Iyini Iphaneli Yodonga Ye-Polycarbonate Eqinile Engu-16mm?

Iphaneli ye-polycarbonate eqinile engu-16mm iyi-PC eyisicaba ebanzi impahla yeshidi engenazo iziteshi zangaphakathi ezingenalutho. Ubukhulu obugcwele buqukethe izinto ze-polycarbonate eqinile, ezihlinzeka ngenhlanganisela ehlukile yokucaca, ukuqina kanye nokumelana nomthelela kusuka ku-twinwall, triplewall kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-polycarbonate engenalutho.

Ubukhulu obungu-16mm bubaluleke kakhulu lapho iphrojekthi idinga iphaneli ebanzi ekhanyayo yezinhlelo zodonga, ukugqokisa okuvikelayo, amafasitela okubuka, izingxenye noma ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingathinteki.

Ubukhulu bodwa abumiseli isilinganiso sokuphepha, ukuphepha, i-ballistic noma isiphepho. Amaphrojekthi adinga amazinga okuvikela acacisiwe kufanele asebenzise ibanga elifanele elivivinyiwe, uhlelo lohlaka kanye nesitifiketi esifanelekile.

Kungani Kufanele Ukhethe I-Polycarbonate Eqinile Yamaphaneli Odonga?

I-Polycarbonate Eqinile vs. Ingilazi Yokugqwala Okuphephile

I-polycarbonate eqinile ivame ukuhlolwa njengendlela ehlukile yengilazi lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukumelana nokushayisana ngengozi kanye nokuphuka kubalulekile.

I-Polycarbonate Eqinile vs. Ishidi le-acrylic

Kokubili i-acrylic ecacile kanye ne-polycarbonate ecacile kuyipulasitiki yobunjiniyela esobala, kodwa ngokuvamile ikhethwa ngenxa yezinto eziza kuqala ezahlukene.

I-Polycarbonate engu-16mm yokuvikela ukugqwala

Ukucushwa okuqinile okungu-16mm kungacatshangelwa kumaphrojekthi okugqwala ngokuphepha adinga iphaneli ebanzi ekhanyayo kanye nokubekezelela okukhulu komthelela.

Iziqondiso ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi izingxenye zokuvikela, amafasitela okubuka, izikrini zezimboni, amaphaneli odonga abonakalayo kanye nokunye ukufakwa lapho ukugcina ukubonakala ngenkathi kunciphisa ingozi yokuphuka kubalulekile.

Igama elithi ukugqokisa ukuphepha akufanele lihunyushwe njengeklasi elithile eliqinisekisiwe lokugqokisa ukuphepha ngaphandle kokuthi kunikezwe umbiko wokuhlola ofanele wobukhulu obuqondile, ibanga kanye nohlelo olufakiwe.

Amaphaneli Odonga E-Polycarbonate kanye Nezingxenye Ezibonakalayo

Amaphaneli e-polycarbonate aqinile angasetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlukanisa zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle ezibonakala kalula lapho kudingeka khona ukubonakala, ukumelana nokushayisana kanye nendawo eqinile yokucwebezelisa yepulasitiki.

Izicelo ezingaba khona zifaka phakathi ukwahlukaniswa kwefektri, ingaphakathi lezentengiselwano, izihlukanisi zesikhala somphakathi, amaphaneli e-lifti, iminyango yangaphakathi kanye nezingxenye zodonga ezivikelayo. Ubukhulu obudingekayo buxhomeke kusayizi wephaneli, uhlaka, umthelela olindelekile kanye nendlela yokufaka.

Amafasitela Okuqapha kanye Nezikrini Ezivikelayo

I-polycarbonate eqinile ecacile ifanelekela amafasitela okubuka kanye nezikrini zokuvikela lapho opharetha noma izivakashi kudingeka babone khona iphaneli ngenkathi begcina ukuhlukaniswa nemishini noma izindawo ezinabantu abaningi.

Ngezicelo zokuvikela zezimboni, ubukhulu bephaneli, uhlaka lokusekela, izibambo kanye nezinga lomthelela elidingekayo kufanele kuhlolwe ndawonye. Amandla ezinto ze-polycarbonate kuphela awasunguli ukusebenza kohlelo lokuvikela oluphelele.

Amafasitela Okuthengisa kanye nama-Skripshini Omnyuziyamu

Ulwazi lomkhiqizo wokuqala we-HSQY lubala amafasitela ezitolo kanye nezimbozo zemyuziyamu phakathi kwezicelo ezingaba khona. I-polycarbonate ecacile inganikeza ukubonakala kanye nokubekezelela okukhulu komthelela kunezinto zokucwebezela eziqhekekile.

Ezibonisweni lapho ukumelana nokuklwebheka kanye nokubukeka okubonakalayo kwesikhathi eside kubalulekile khona, abathengi kufanele bacacise ukuthi izinga le-polycarbonate eliqinile elimelana nokuklwebheka liyadingeka yini. I-polycarbonate eqinile ephathwe nge-UV ejwayelekile akufanele ichazwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njenge-hard coated.

Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Zesikrini Sokuvinjelwa Komsindo Nomsindo

Esinye sezithombe zomkhiqizo wokuqala sibonakala njengephaneli yokuvimbela umsindo, futhi i-polycarbonate eqinile esobala ingacatshangelwa ezinhlelweni zokuvimbela umsindo lapho kudingeka khona ukukhanya kwelanga nokubonakala.

Inani elithile lokunciphisa i-acoustic akufanele lifunwe ngaphandle kwedatha yokudlulisa umsindo evivinyiwe yobukhulu obuqondile kanye nohlelo oluphelele lokuvimbela olufakiwe. Kumaphrojekthi e-acoustic omgwaqo omkhulu noma wezimboni, nikeza indinganiso ye-acoustic edingekayo uma ucela ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe.

Uphahla kanye ne-Glazing Yezakhiwo

Umthombo uphinde ubhale uphahla, udonga lwamakhethini kanye nezinhlelo zokwakha. I-polycarbonate eqinile ecacile ingasetshenziswa lapho kudingeka ukukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo kanye nokumelana nokushayisana.

Ngokuphahla noma ukugqokwa kodonga kwangaphandle, i- impahla yeshidi kumele ikhethwe kanye nesikhala sokusekelwa kwesakhiwo, umthwalo womoya, umthwalo weqhwa, ukunyakaza kokushisa kanye nokuvezwa yi-UV. Umthombo wamanje awushicileli ithebula lesikhala noma umthwalo elijwayelekile.

Izicelo Zokwakha, Ukuphepha Nokubonisa

Ukudluliselwa Kokukhanya Nokucaca Okubonakalayo

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo we-HSQY lubonisa ukuthi ukudluliswa kokukhanya kungaphezu kuka-85% kuma-polycarbonate aqinile acacile impahla yeshidi afanelekile.

Ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo kwangempela kuncike ekujiyeni, umbala, isimo sobuso kanye nebanga. Ngakho-ke, iphaneli ecacile engu-16mm kufanele isebenzise idatha yayo yokukhanya elinganisiwe kunokusebenzisa ngokuzenzakalelayo inani eliphakeme elishicilelwe emndenini womkhiqizo ophelele.

Kumafasitela okubuka, imibukiso yemyuziyamu noma ukugqokwa kwezakhiwo lapho ikhwalithi yokukhanya ibaluleke khona, cela amanani okudlulisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo kanye nokukhanya kombala we-haze ku impahla yeshidi ekhethiwe.

Ukumelana Nomthelela

Okuqukethwe komkhiqizo we-HSQY wokuqala kubonisa ukumelana komthelela cishe izikhathi eziyi-10 kunengilazi evamile. Lokhu kwenza ukusebenza komthelela kube esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokucabanga nge-polycarbonate eqinile ukuze kusetshenziswe ukuphepha nokuvikela.

Ngezinhlelo zokuphepha eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela, cela idatha yokuhlola usebenzisa indinganiso yomthelela efanele. Ungasebenzisi ukuqhathanisa okujwayelekile kwengilazi njengobufakazi bokuphepha okuthile, ukuvimbela, isilinganiso se-ballistic noma sesiphepho.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-UV okunezinhlangothi ezimbili noma okunezinhlangothi ezimbili

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo we-HSQY luthi ukwelashwa kwe-UV okunezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nokwezinhlangothi ezimbili kuyatholakala.

Qinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwangempela kwengqimba ye-UV, uhlangothi oluvikelwe kanye nemibhalo yokusebenza yangaphandle esebenzayo yebanga elikhethiwe.

Ukuvikelwa kwe-UV akufani nokugqoka okuqinile

Ukwelashwa nge-UV kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuwohloka okuhlobene nokukhanya kwelanga. Isembozo esiqinile esingamelana nokuguguleka siwubuchwepheshe obuhlukile bomphezulu obusetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuklwebheka, ukuguguleka, amakhemikhali noma i-graffiti.

Uma iphrojekthi ihilela amafasitela okubuka ahlanzwa njalo, izibonisi zemyuziyamu, izithiyo zomphakathi noma izindawo ezibonakala kalula ezithinta kakhulu, cacisa ukuthi i-polycarbonate eqinile engagugi iyadingeka yini esikhundleni sokucabanga ukuthi i-UV-protected solid ejwayelekile impahla yeshidi inikeza ukusebenza okufanayo.

Ukusebenza Kwezinga Lokushisa

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo we-HSQY lubala izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka -40°C kuya ku-+120°C.

Lokhu akufanele kuhunyushwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwayo yonke imithwalo yemishini. Izicelo ezibandakanya amazinga okushisa aphezulu aqhubekayo, umthwalo omkhulu wesakhiwo noma ukujikeleza okuphindaphindiwe kokushisa kufanele kusebenzise idatha yobuchwepheshe ethile yephrojekthi.

Ukusebenza Komlilo

Ulwazi lomkhiqizo wokuqala lubhekisela ekusebenzeni okuvimbela ilangabi kwesigaba I futhi luthi izinto azikhiqizi amaconsi omlilo noma igesi enobuthi ngaphansi kwesimo esibhekiselwe kuso.

Kodwa-ke, umthombo onikeziwe awubonisi izinga eliqondile lokuhlola umlilo, ukujiya kwesampula noma uhlelo lokuhlukanisa. Amaphrojekthi adinga ukusebenza komlilo okusemthethweni kufanele acele umbiko ofanele webanga kanye nobukhulu obuqondile impahla yeshidi .

Ukukhethwa Kobukhulu Be-Polycarbonate obuyi-1.5-12mm kanye no-16mm

Lezi ziqondiso zokusetshenziswa azizona izilinganiso zesakhiwo. Ubukhulu bokugcina kufanele bunqunywe kusukela kubukhulu bephaneli, uhlaka, umthelela olindelekile, umthwalo womoya, imikhawulo yokuphambuka kanye nezidingo zokuphepha ezifanele.

Ububanzi Kufika ku-2100mm

Umthombo wamanje womkhiqizo ubala ububanzi obungu-1220mm, 1560mm, 1820mm kanye no-2100mm. Ama- impahla yeshidi abanzi angasiza ekunciphiseni inani lamajoyinti aqondile ezinhlelweni zodonga olubonakalayo, izingxenye kanye namaphaneli amakhulu okubuka.

Kumaphaneli amakhulu angu-16mm, qinisekisa ubude obuqediwe, isisindo sephaneli, imikhawulo yokuhamba, ubukhulu befreyimu kanye nendlela yokufaka ngaphambi kokufaka i-oda.

Amaphaneli Odonga E-Polycarbonate Acacile, Anombala Futhi Acwebezelayo

Ukusika, Ukubhoboza Nokwenza

I-polycarbonate eqinile ingasikwa, ibholwe, ihanjiswe futhi yakhiwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okusebenza epulasitiki afanele. Ama- impahla yeshidi ajiyile afana no-16mm adinga imishini efanele, ukwesekwa kwephaneli okuqinile kanye nemingcele yokusika efanele.

Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Zokufaka Amaphaneli Odonga E-PC Aqinile

Vumela Ukwanda Kokushisa

I-Polycarbonate iyakhula futhi inciphe njengoba izinga lokushisa lishintsha. Amafreyimu, izimbobo zokubopha kanye nezinhlelo zokucwebezelisa kufanele zinikeze indawo efanele yokuhamba.

Sekela Amaphaneli Amakhulu Ngokufanele

Amaphaneli abanzi noma amade adinga uhlaka olufanele ukulawula ukuphambuka nokudlulisa imithwalo. Ubukhulu bephaneli bodwa akufanele busetshenziswe ukunquma isikhala sefreyimu.

Sebenzisa ama-Gasket nama-Sealant ahambisanayo

Ama-gasket, ama-sealant kanye namakhemikhali okuhlanza kufanele ahambisane ne-polycarbonate. Amakhemikhali angahambisani angabangela ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka noma umonakalo womphezulu.

Faka uhlangothi olufanele lwe-UV ngaphandle

Ku-UV enohlangothi olulodwa impahla yeshidi esetshenziswa ngaphandle, indawo evikelwe yi-UV kufanele ibheke ngaphandle. Landela uphawu lwefilimu evikelayo olunikezwe nezinto.

Yiluphi ulwazi okufanele ulunikeze ngesilinganiso?

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Namaphaneli E-Polycarbonate Aqinile angu-16mm

Iyini i-polycarbonate eqinile engu-16mm impahla yeshidi ?

Iyiphaneli ye-polycarbonate eyisicaba engu-16mm ubukhulu engenazo iziteshi ezingenalutho, efanelekile ukuhlolwa odongeni olubonakalayo oluqinile, olucwebezelayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamaphaneli okuvikela.

Ingabe i-HSQY inikeza i-polycarbonate eqinile engu-16mm?

Ulwazi lwamanje olunemininingwane yomkhiqizo lubhekisela ngqo ku-16mm njengenketho etholakalayo, kuyilapho indawo ejwayelekile yepharamitha yomkhiqizo ibala u-1.5-12mm. Qinisekisa imininingwane yokukhiqiza engu-16mm uma ucela ikhotheshini.

Yibuphi ububanzi obutholakalayo?

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubala ububanzi obungu-1220mm, 1560mm, 1820mm kanye no-2100mm.

Ingabe i-polycarbonate eqinile ingasetshenziswa njenge-glazing ephephile?

I-polycarbonate eqinile isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-glazing amelana nokushayisana kanye namaphaneli okuvikela. Uma iphrojekthi idinga ukuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni kwama-glazing okuphepha, cela idatha yokuhlola efanele ye impahla yeshidi eqondile kanye nohlelo olufakiwe.

Ingabe i-polycarbonate ifanelekile kumaphaneli odonga?

Yebo. I-PC eqinile ingasetshenziswa kumaphaneli odonga abonakalayo, izingxenye kanye nezikrini zokuvikela lapho kudingeka khona ukubonakala kanye nokumelana nokushayisana.

Kungakanani ukukhanya okudluliselwa yi-polycarbonate ecacile?

Umthombo wamanje we-HSQY usho okungaphezu kuka-85% kokucushwa okucacile okufanele. Ukudluliselwa kwangempela kuyahlukahluka ngobukhulu, umbala kanye nebanga, ngakho idatha ye-optical engu-16mm kufanele iqinisekiswe ngokwehlukana.

I-polycarbonate eqinile ye-HSQY imelana kangakanani nomthelela?

Ulwazi lomkhiqizo wokuqala lusho cishe amandla okushayisana aphindwe kayishumi kunengilazi evamile. Izinhlelo zokuphepha ezichaziwe kufanele zisebenzise inani lokushayisana elivivinyiwe elifanele kunokuqhathaniswa okuvamile.

Ingabe i impahla yeshidi inesivikelo se-UV?

Yebo. Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo luthi ukwelashwa kwe-UV okunezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nokwezinhlangothi ezimbili kuyatholakala.

Ingabe kufanele ngikhethe ukuvikelwa kwe-UV okunezinhlangothi ezimbili noma okunezinhlangothi ezimbili?

Ukuvikelwa ohlangothini olulodwa kungafaneleka lapho ubuso obuthile buthola ukukhanya kwelanga kwangaphandle. Ukuvikelwa ohlangothini olulodwa kuyasiza lapho zombili izindawo zingase zithole ukuchayeka kwe-UV noma ukuqondiswa kwephaneli kungahluka.

Ingabe lokhu kuyi impahla yeshidi eqinile engakhubeki?

Umthombo onikeziwe uqinisekisa ukwelashwa kwe-UV kodwa awunikezi imininingwane ekhethekile yejazi eliqinile elingagugi. Cacisa ukugqoka okuqinile ngokwehlukana uma kudingeka ukumelana nokuklwebheka noma nokugugiswa.

Ingabe i-polycarbonate ingayithatha indawo yengilazi emafasiteleni okubukela?

Yebo, i-polycarbonate eqinile ecacile efanelekile ingacatshangelwa lapho kudingeka khona ukucaca kanye nokumelana nomthelela. Ubukhulu bokugcina kanye nohlaka kufanele kukhethwe ngokuya ngesicelo.

Ingabe ingasetshenziswa ezikhwameni zokubonisa zemyuziyamu?

Uhlu lwezicelo zokuqala luhlanganisa amakesi okubonisa emyuziyamu. Amaphrojekthi adinga ukumelana nokuklwebheka isikhathi eside noma ukubukeka kwe-optical okuphezulu kufanele acabangele ukuthi ibanga elikhethekile elimbozwe ngokuqinile liyadingeka yini.

Ingabe i-PC eqinile ingasetshenziswa ezithiyweni zomsindo?

I-polycarbonate eqinile ecacile ingafakwa ezinhlelweni ezifanele zokuvimbela umsindo. Isilinganiso esithile sokunciphisa umsindo sidinga idatha yokuhlola umsindo yohlelo oluphelele lwephaneli.

Yimiphi imibala etholakalayo?

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubala imibala ecacile, eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, entuthu, ensundu, e-opal kanye nemibala engenziwa ngezifiso.

Yiliphi izinga lokushisa elibhalwe phansi?

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo luthi cishe -40°C kuya ku-+120°C. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela kufanele ziqinisekise imikhawulo yobuchwepheshe yezinga eliqondile ngaphansi komthwalo.

Ingabe i impahla yeshidi inesilinganiso somlilo?

Umthombo wokuqala ubhekisela ekusebenzeni okuvimbela ilangabi kwesigaba I, kodwa awubonisi indinganiso yokuhlola eqondile. Cela umbiko womlilo ofanele uma kudingeka ukuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni.

Ingabe i-polycarbonate engu-16mm ingasikwa futhi ibholwe?

Yebo. I-polycarbonate eqinile eqinile ingasikwa, ibholwe futhi ihanjiswe ngemishini efanelekile, amapharamitha okusika kanye nokusekelwa kwephaneli.

Iyini i-MOQ?

Umthombo wamanje ubala inani elincane kakhulu le-oda elingu-1000kg.

Isikhathi sokulethwa singakanani?

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubala cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-7-15 ngemuva kokufaka idiphozithi, kuye ngezidingo ze-oda.

Yini okufanele ngiyinikeze ikhotheshini?

Sicela unikeze uhlelo lokusebenza, ubukhulu, ububanzi nobude bephaneli, umbala, isidingo se-UV, isidingo se-optical, indinganiso yomthelela uma ikhona, isidingo sobuso, izidingo zokwenziwa, ubuningi kanye nendawo okuyo.

Ukupakisha Nokulethwa

• Ukupakisha Okuyisampula: Amashidi asezikhwameni ze-PE ezivikelayo, apakishwe emabhokisini.

• Ukupakisha Ishidi: 30kg ngesikhwama ngasinye esinefilimu ye-PE, noma njengoba kudingeka.

• Ukupakisha iPallet: 500-2000kg ngepallet yeplywood ngayinye.

• Ukulayisha Isitsha: Amathani angu-20, alungiselelwe izitsha ezingama-20ft/40ft.

• Imigomo Yokulethwa: I-FOB, i-CIF, i-EXW.

• Isikhathi Sokuhola: Izinsuku eziyi-7-15 ngemuva kokufaka idiphozithi, kuye ngokuthi ivolumu ye-oda ingakanani.

Izitifiketi

Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubala i-SGS kanye ne-ISO 9001:2008. Ububanzi, ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kwemibhalo etholakalayo kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokwezinga eliqondile le-polycarbonate elingu-16mm kanye nesidingo semakethe yendawo oya kuyo.

Imibukiso Yomhlaba Wonke

Mayelana ne-HSQY Plastic Group

I-HSQY Plastic Group inesipiliyoni esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 futhi isebenzisa amafektri ayi-8, ihlinzeka ngezinto zepulasitiki zokupakisha, zokwakha kanye nezimboni zezokwelapha.

Amaphrojekthi ephaneli lodonga le-polycarbonate eqinile angaxoxwa ngokuya ngobukhulu, ububanzi, ubukhulu bephaneli, umbala, ukucushwa kwe-UV, izidingo zokukhanya, izidingo zomthelela, ukwelashwa kwendawo, ukwenziwa, ubuningi kanye nendawo okuyo.