Ifilimu ye-HSQY enokugqunywa ye-PLA/PBAT yokuPakisha ukutya

Ifilimu yePLA/PBAT enokugqunywa kwi-Compostable yokuPakisha ukutya

Ifilimu ye-HSQY PLA/PBAT yifilimu yokuxuba i-polymer ebolayo eyenzelwe ukupakisha ukutya kunye nezinye izinto ezifuna ulungelelwaniso lokuguquguquka, ukucutshungulwa kunye nokukwazi ukugquma.

I-PLA, okanye i-polylactic acid, inegalelo ekuqineni nasekuqulunqweni kwezinto eziphilayo, ngelixa i-PBAT, okanye i-polybutylene adipate terephthalate, yi-polyester eguquguqukayo ebolayo enokunciphisa ubuqhophololo obunxulunyaniswa ne-PLA entle. Ngokulungisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo, abaguquli banokujolisa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuguquguquka, ukuqina, ukucaca kunye nokusebenza kokucubungula.

Inkcazelo yemveliso yeHSQY yangoku igubungela ubukhulu ukusuka kwi -0.02mm ukuya kwi-0.2mm kunye nobubanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi -1000mm . Usetyenziso lokupakisha ukutya lunokubandakanya izakhiwo zefilimu eziguquguqukayo kwaye, apho kukhethwa khona udidi olufanelekileyo lwe-thermoforming kunye nobukhulu, usetyenziso lokupakisha olukhethwe nge-thermoformed.

Ukukwazi ukubumba, ukuthobela ukuhambelana kokutya, ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokuziphatha kokucubungula kuxhomekeke kwifomyula ethile. Abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise umlinganiselo ochanekileyo we-PLA/PBAT, izongezo, ubukhulu befilimu egqityiweyo, umgangatho wesatifikethi kunye nendawo yokulahla ecwangcisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba benze amabango anjenge-'eqinisekisiweyo yokubumba' okanye 'ehambelana nokuhambelana nokutya.'

       Cela isicatshulwa seFilimu yePLA/PBAT    

Yintoni iFilimu yePLA/PBAT?

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT iveliswa ngomxube oqulethe i-polylactic acid (PLA) kunye ne-polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nezongezo ezithile zefomyula ezifunekayo ekucutshungulweni nasekusebenzeni kwemveliso egqityiweyo.

I-PLA yi-polyester enokwenziwa ngezinto ezivuselelekayo ezifana neeswekile zezityalo ezivundisiweyo. Inika ukuqina okuluncedo kunye nokungafihli nto kodwa inokuba buthathaka xa ithelekiswa nezinye iifilimu.

I-PBAT yi-polyester eguquguqukayo nebolayo. Ukudibanisa i-PBAT ne-PLA kunokuphucula ubude, ukuqina kunye nokuguquguquka, yiyo loo nto iikhompawundi ze-PLA/PBAT ziphandwa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukupakisha okuguquguqukayo okunokubunjwa, iingxowa, iifilimu kunye neemveliso ezikhethiweyo ezifakwe kwi-thermoform.

Ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela esetyenzisiweyo. Izinto ezimbini ezichazwa njenge 'PLA/PBAT' zinokuba nokuqina okwahlukileyo, ukunwebeka, indlela yokutywina, ukumelana nobushushu, ukucaca kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba ngumgquba.

I-PLA vs PBAT kwi-Compostable Film Blend

Iinkcukacha zeFilimu yePLA/PBAT

Olu lwazi lulandelayo lusekelwe kwiinkcukacha zemveliso zeHSQY zangoku. Abathengi kufuneka bacele iphepha ledatha yobugcisa ethile yemveliso ngaphambi kokuba bavume loo nto yemveliso yorhwebo.

Kutheni kufuneka udibanise i-PLA ne-PBAT?

Ukuphucula Ukuguquguquka

I-PLA ecocekileyo inokuba lukhuni kwaye ibuthathaka xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izicelo zokupakisha eziguquguqukayo. Ukongeza i-PBAT kunokunyusa ukuguquguquka kunye nobude, kuxhomekeke kwindlela eyenziwe ngayo.

Ukuqina Okuphuculweyo

Umxube we-PLA/PBAT oyilwe kakuhle unokubonelela ngokuqina okuphuculweyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-PLA ecocekileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izinto zifaneleke ngakumbi ekuphathweni kwefilimu, ekuguqulweni nasekusetyenzisweni kokupakisha okukhethiweyo.

Ukuqina Okulungisekayo

Ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wepolymer kunye nezongezo kuvumela abavelisi ukuba balungise ukuqina kunye nokuguquguquka kokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo. Umlinganiselo we-PLA/PBAT wokwenyani ke ngoko kufuneka uphathwe njengepharamitha ebalulekileyo yokuthenga.

Ukupakisha Okunokugqunywa

Iinkqubo ze-PLA/PBAT zinokwenziwa zibe yiphakheji eqinisekisiweyo yokugquma. Isiqinisekiso sisebenza kwifomyula echaziweyo kunye nenqaku eligqityiweyo kwaye akufuneki sithathwe kuphela ngamagama eepolymer.

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT ebolayo xa ithelekiswa ne-Compostable

Amagama athi 'i-biobolidable' kunye nelithi 'i-compostable' awangomagama okuthengisa anokutshintshwa.

Umthombo wangoku we-HSQY awuchazi isatifikethi esithile sokudibanisa i-compost sale filimu ichanekileyo. Ngoko ke isatifikethi kufuneka sicelwe kwaye siqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokupapasha ibango elifana nelithi 'EN 13432 eqinisekisiweyo,' 'BPI eqinisekisiweyo' okanye 'enokudityaniswa ne-compost ekhaya.'

Imiqathango Yokwenza Umgquba Kwimizi-mveliso Ibalulekile

Ukugquma i-compost kusetyenziswa ubushushu obulawulwayo, ukufuma, i-oksijini kunye nomsebenzi webhayoloji. Indlela ifilimu egquma ngayo i-compost kwezi meko ayifanele isetyenziswe ukubonisa ukuba iya kunyamalala ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni, emanzini olwandle, kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma okanye kwindawo yendalo.

Amabango okuphela kobomi kufuneka achaze imeko-bume yokugquma ecetywayo kunye nesiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo endaweni yokusebenzisa iingxelo ezingaxhaswayo ezifana nokuthi 'iyaqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kuyo yonke indawo.'

Ifilimu yePLA/PBAT yokuPakisha ukutya

Ukupakishwa kweMveliso eNtsha

Amanqanaba afanelekileyo efilimu yePLA/PBAT anokuvavanywa kwiziqhamo, imifuno kunye nokunye ukupakishwa kokutya okutsha apho ukuguquguquka, ukucaca kunye neempawu zokuhambisa igesi ezifunekayo zihambelana nokusetyenziswa.

Ukupakishwa kweBheri

Iifilimu zinokuqwalaselwa kwiifomathi zokupakisha ezikhethiweyo zebhaka apho ukuhanjiswa komswakama, indlela yokuziphatha kwetywina kunye neemfuno zobomi beshelufu zihambelana nesakhiwo sezinto.

Ukupakishwa kokutya okuguquguqukayo

Iiklasi zePLA/PBAT eziguquguqukayo zinokuguqulwa zibe ziifilimu zokupakisha ezifanelekileyo kuxhomekeke ekubeni ziprintwe kakuhle na, ukuvala ubushushu, ukucaca, ukuqina kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesithintelo.

Iitreyi kunye neeContainers ezifakwe kwiThermoformed

I-Thermoforming ifuna indlela yokwenza izinto kunye ne-sheet gauge eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuphuhlisa amandla aneleyo okunyibilika, okwenza uzinzo kunye nokuqina kwesiqulatho esigqityiweyo. Abathengi abafuna iitreyi, ii-clamshells okanye izivatho kufuneka bacacise ukuba izinto kufuneka zibe yi-thermoforming grade endaweni yokucinga ukuba yonke ifilimu ethambileyo ye-PLA/PBAT inokwakheka kwi-thermoform ibe yiphakheji eqinileyo.

Ibanga leFilimu eliguquguqukayo vs iBanga leThermoforming

Iimfuneko zokutywina nokuguqula ubushushu

Ukupakisha ukutya kwezorhwebo kufuna okungaphezulu nje kokubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Abaguquli kufuneka bavavanye ukuvala, ukuprinta, ukujija kunye nokusebenza komatshini.

Ukusebenza kweMiqobo kunye nexesha lokugcinwa kokutya

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT akufuneki ichazwe ngokuzenzekelayo njengefilimu yokupakisha ukutya enemiqobo ephezulu. Iimpawu zokuthintela ioksijini kunye nomphunga wamanzi zixhomekeke kwifomyula yepolymer, ubukhulu, izongezo, iingubo, ukujongwa kunye nalo naluphi na ulwakhiwo lwe-multilayer.

Ukuba ukutya okupakishiweyo kufuna ixesha elimiselweyo lokugcinwa, abathengi kufuneka banike izinga lokudluliselwa kweoksijini elifunekayo (OTR), izinga lokudluliselwa komphunga wamanzi (WVTR), ubushushu bokugcina, umswakama ohambelanayo kunye nefomathi yephakheji.

Ixesha elichithwe kwishelufu kufuneka liqinisekiswe kusetyenziswa iphakheji egqityiweyo kunye nokutya okwenyani endaweni yokuba ifilimu ine-PLA kunye ne-PBAT kuphela.

Ngaba ukutya kwefilimu yePLA/PBAT kukhuselekile?

Iifomyula ze-PLA/PBAT zinokwenziwa ukuze kupakishwe ukutya, kodwa amagama eepolymers zodwa awamiseli ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho.

Ukuthobela ukuhambelana kokutya kuxhomekeke kwiindidi ze-resin ezichanekileyo, izongezo, izinto ezifaka imibala, ii-coating kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa ezicwangcisiweyo. Abathengi kufuneka bacele amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kwimarike yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye neemeko zokunxibelelana kokutya ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ukuba ifilimu iya kuthinta ukutya okunamafutha, okune-asidi, okumanzi okanye okunxilisayo, okanye iya kuvezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, faka ezo meko kuphononongo lokuthobela imithetho.

Izicelo zeFilimu zePLA/PBAT

Ifilimu yokuPakisha ukutya

Amanqanaba aguquguqukayo anokuvavanywa kwiindlela ezikhethiweyo zokupakisha ukutya ngokweemfuno zokuvala, zoomatshini, zokubonakala ngokucacileyo kunye nezithintelo.

Ukupakishwa kweziqhamo nemifuno emitsha

Ukupakisha imveliso kufuna iimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokuhambisa igesi kunye nokufuma. Ukugqobhoka okanye olunye uyilo lwephakheji lunokufuneka ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya sokuphefumla.

Iitreyi zokutya ezifakwe kwi-thermoformed

Iiklasi ezifanelekileyo ze-thermoforming ezinobukhulu obufanelekileyo zinokuvavanywa kwiitreyi kunye nezikhongozeli zokutya. Amandla okwenza kufuneka aqinisekiswe ngokwe-sheet gauge, i-mold geometry kunye neemeko zenkqubo.

Ukupakisha iClamshell kunye nokuthengisa

Apho kufezekiswa ukuqina okwaneleyo, ukucaca kunye nokusebenza kokwakheka, iphepha le-PLA/PBAT lingaqwalaselwa xa kupakishwa izinto ezikhethiweyo.

Izicelo zezoLimo

Iphepha lomthombo likwabhekisa kwiindlela zokusetyenziswa kwezolimo ezifana neetreyi zezithole kunye nezigqubuthelo zokukhusela. Iimfuneko zokubola kwezityalo zingahluka kwiimfuno zokupakishwa komgquba, ngoko ke kufuneka kuqinisekiswe umgangatho wokusetyenziswa okhethekileyo kunye nomgangatho wovavanyo ofanelekileyo.

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT vs PLA

Ifilimu yokuPakisha ye-PLA/PBAT vs.

Iiparameter ezibalulekileyo zoMgangatho weFilimu yePLA/PBAT

Indlela yokukhetha ifilimu yokupakishwa yePLA/PBAT

1. Chaza iFomathi yokuPakisha

Cacisa ifilimu eguquguqukayo, ibhegi, ingxowa, isakhiwo sesiciko, itreyi efakwe ubushushu, igobolondo le-clam okanye olunye uhlobo ngaphambi kokukhetha uhlobo lwezinto.

2. Cacisa Ubukhulu beFilimu

Nika ubukhulu kunye nokunyamezelana okujoliswe kuko. Ifilimu eguquguqukayo ye-20μm kunye nephepha lokwenza i-200μm zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zokucubungula kunye noomatshini nangona zombini zingaphantsi koluhlu lwemveliso yangoku.

3. Chaza ukuguquguquka kunye namandla

Nika amandla okutsalwa afunekayo, ukunwebeka, ukumelana nokubhobozwa okanye ifilimu ekhoyo ukuze ifomyula yePLA/PBAT ivavanywe.

4. Chaza iiMfuno zokutya kunye nexesha lokuphelelwa lixesha

Xela uhlobo lokutya, ubushushu bokupakisha, ubushushu bokugcina kunye nexesha lokuphelelwa ekujoliswe kulo. Yongeza iimfuno ze-OTR kunye ne-WVTR apho ukusebenza komqobo kubalulekile.

5. Cacisa iiMfuno zokuCima uBushushu

Nika uhlobo lomatshini wokupakisha, ubushushu bokuvala, isantya somgca kunye namandla okutywina afunekayo xa ifilimu ivalwe ngobushushu.

6. Cacisa iMigangatho yokuVuthelana

Xelela i-HSQY ukuba umthengi wakho ufuna ukuba umgquba ube mveliso, ukuba umgquba ube sekhaya okanye omnye umgangatho wokugqibela wobomi bakhe kwaye uchaze ilizwe apho uya khona.

7. Qinisekisa iMithetho yokuQhagamshelana nokutya

Cacisa imakethi yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye neemeko zokunxibelelana kokutya ezicwangcisiweyo ukuze kuhlolwe amaxwebhu afanelekileyo emveliso.

Ulwazi olufunekayo kwisicatshulwa sefilimu se-PLA/PBAT

Ukuze ufumane ingcebiso echanekileyo kunye nesicatshulwa, bonelela:

• Ifilimu eguquguqukayo okanye isicelo se-thermoforming

• Ubukhulu obufunekayo kunye nokunyamezelana

• Ububanzi bomqulu obufunekayo

• Umbala ocacileyo okanye owenziwe ngokwezifiso

• Umlinganiselo we-PLA/PBAT ofunekayo okanye injongo yokusebenza

• Amandla okuxinana kunye nokwandiswa okufunekayo

• Ukukhanya okanye inkungu efunekayo

• Uhlobo lokutya kunye nobushushu bokugcina

• Ixesha elifunekayo lokuphelelwa lixesha

• Imfuneko ye-OTR / WVTR ukuba iyasebenza

• Izixhobo zokuvala ubushushu okanye zokulungisa ubushushu

• Imfuneko yokuprinta okanye yokulungisa umphezulu

• Imfuneko yokuba umgquba ube mveliso okanye ikhaya

• Amaxwebhu afunekayo okunxibelelana nokutya

• Ubungakanani be-odolo kunye nemfuno yonyaka

• Ilizwe kunye nezibuko apho uya khona

       Fumana ixabiso leFilimu yePLA/PBAT kunye neSampuli    

Amaxwebhu oMgangatho kunye neSatifikethi

Iphepha langoku linomfanekiso wesatifikethi, kodwa umxholo womzimba awuchazi ukuba zeziphi izatifikethi ezisebenza ngokukodwa kule fomula yePLA/PBAT.

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amabango anje nge-EN 13432 eqinisekisiweyo, i-ASTM D6400 ehambelanayo, i-BPI eqinisekisiweyo, i-compost yasekhaya okanye i-FDA/EU ehambelanayo nokutya, abathengi kufuneka bafumane uxwebhu lwangoku olufanelekileyo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ikhowudi yemveliso yayo, uluhlu lobukhulu kunye neenkcukacha zokwenziwa kwayo zigubungela izinto ezithengwayo.

Imiboniso yeHlabathi yeHSQY

Imveliso kunye nokuPakisha

Ubukhulu bomqengqele, ubungakanani bombindi, icala lokujika, ubunzima bomqengqele, ulwakhiwo lwepalethi kunye neemfuno zokukhusela umswakama kufuneka kuvunyelwane ngazo ngokweemeko zomthengi zokuguqula izixhobo kunye neemeko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga neFilimu yePLA/PBAT

Yintoni ifilimu yePLA/PBAT?

Ifilimu ye-PLA/PBAT yenziwe ngomxube we-polymer oqulethe i-polylactic acid kunye ne-polybutylene adipate terephthalate. I-PLA inegalelo ekuqineni ngelixa i-PBAT inokuphucula ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqina.

Ingaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT iyabola?

Iingxube ze-PLA/PBAT zinokwenziwa ukuze zibole phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Iimeko ezichanekileyo zendalo, ukwakheka kunye nendlela yovavanyo efanelekileyo kufuneka ichongwe xa kusenziwa ibango lokuba zibole.

Ingaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT iyakwazi ukugqunywa?

Ukupakishwa kwe-PLA/PBAT kungayilwa ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigangatho yokwenziwa komgquba, kodwa isiqinisekiso sisebenza kwifom ethile kunye nenqaku eligqityiweyo. Cela isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba uthengise ifilimu njengeqinisekisiweyo ukuba inokugquba umgquba.

Ingaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT iyakwazi ukugqunywa ekhaya?

Ayizenzekeli. Ukwenziwa komgquba ekhaya kwahlukile ekusetyenzisweni komgquba kwimizi-mveliso kwaye kufuna uvavanyo kunye nesiqinisekiso sayo esifanelekileyo.

Ngaba i-PBAT yenziwe ngezinto ezivuselelekayo?

I-PBAT eqhelekileyo idla ngokuvela kwi-fossil nangona inokubola. I-PLA idla ngokuba yinxalenye esekwe kwi-bio kumxube we-PLA/PBAT. Ipesenti iyonke esekwe kwi-bio ixhomekeke kwifomyula echanekileyo.

I-HSQY ibonelela ngobukhulu obungakanani befilimu ye-PLA/PBAT?

Inkcazelo yangoku ye-HSQY idwelisa ubukhulu ukusuka kwi-0.02mm ukuya kwi-0.2mm.

Ingakanani ububanzi befilimu yePLA/PBAT obuphezulu?

Inkcazelo yemveliso yangoku idwelisa ububanzi obuphezulu be-1000mm. Ububanzi obufumanekayo kufuneka buqinisekiswe ngokobukhulu obukhethiweyo kunye nefomyula.

Ngaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT ingasetyenziselwa ukupakisha ukutya?

Ewe, iifomyula ezifanelekileyo zePLA/PBAT zinokwenziwa kwizicelo zokupakisha ukutya. Ukuthobela unxibelelwano lokutya kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwimarike echanekileyo yezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nendawo ekuyiwa kuyo.

Ngaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT inokwenziwa nge-thermoform?

Iiklasi ezifanelekileyo ze-PLA/PBAT thermoforming zinokwenziwa zibe ziitreyi kunye nezikhongozeli ezikhethiweyo. Ayizizo zonke iifomyula ezibhityileyo zefilimu eguquguqukayo ezifanelekileyo kwi-thermoforming eqinileyo, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kufuneka kuchazwe ngaphambi kokukhetha iiklasi.

Ngaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT ingavalwa ngobushushu?

Iifomyula ezininzi zefilimu ezinokwenziwa umgquba zinokuyilwa ukuvala ubushushu. Ubushushu bokuvala, uxinzelelo, ixesha lokuhlala kunye namandla okuvala kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwizixhobo zokupakisha ezicetywayo.

Ngaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT ingaprintwa?

Ubuchule bokuprinta buxhomekeke kumandla omphezulu, unyango kunye nenkqubo ye-inki. Cacisa inkqubo yokuprinta ukuze iinkcukacha zomphezulu wefilimu zivavanywe.

Ingaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT ingumqobo ophezulu?

Hayi ngokuzenzekelayo. Umqobo ophezulu weoksijini okanye wokufuma ufuna ukwakheka, uphahla okanye isakhiwo esineengqimba ezininzi esilungiselelwe ngokukodwa kwaye sivavanywe kwi-OTR kunye ne-WVTR ekujoliswe kuyo.

Ngaba ifilimu yePLA/PBAT ingatshintsha ifilimu yePE ngokuthe ngqo?

Ayisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iindlela zokufaka izinto. I-PLA/PBAT kunye ne-PE zahlukile kwindlela yokuvala, iimpawu zoomatshini, ukumelana nobushushu, ukusebenza kwezithintelo kunye neendlela zokuphela kobomi. Izilingo zokupakisha kufuneka zenziwe ngaphambi kokuguqulwa.

Ngawaphi amanqanaba okulungelelaniswa komgquba ekufuneka abathengi bawacele?

Umgangatho ofunekayo uxhomekeke kwimarike yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nebango lokulahla. Imizekelo edla ngokufunyanwa kwimarike ibandakanya i-EN 13432 kunye ne-ASTM D6400, kodwa abathengi kufuneka bacele isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo kwimveliso enikezelweyo ngqo endaweni yokucinga ukuba iyathotyelwa.

Ndingacela isampulu yefilimu yePLA/PBAT?

Uvavanyo lwesampulu luyacetyiswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe imveliso yorhwebo ukujonga ukuqina kwefilimu, ukuguquguquka, ukucaca, ukutywina, ukuprinta, ukwenziwa kwe-thermoforming okanye okunye ukusebenza kokuguqula.

Loluphi ulwazi endifanele ndiluthumele ukuze ndifumane ikowuteshini yefilimu yePLA/PBAT?

Nika ubukhulu, ububanzi, indlela yokufaka upakisho, uhlobo lokutya, inkqubo yokuguqula, iimfuno zoomatshini, iimeko zokuvala ubushushu, umgangatho wokuba ngumgquba, iimfuno zokunxibelelana kokutya, ubungakanani bee-odolo kunye nemakethi yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo.

Malunga neHSQY Plastic Group

I-HSQY inikezela ngamaphepha eplastiki, iifilimu kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ukutya kubaguquli, abavelisi bokupakisha, abasasazi kunye namashishini anxulumene neenkonzo zokutya.

Iiprojekthi ze-PLA/PBAT zingavavanywa ngokobukhulu befilimu, ububanzi, indlela equlunqwe ngayo, iipropati zoomatshini, ukucaca kwayo, ukuvalwa kobushushu, ukwenziwa kwe-thermoforming, iimfuno zomqobo, isiqinisekiso sokwenziwa komgquba kunye namaxwebhu oqhagamshelwano lokutya.

Kwiiprojekthi zezinto zokutshintsha, bonelela ngesampulu yefilimu ekhoyo okanye iinkcukacha zobugcisa kunye nenkqubo yokupakisha kunye nomthamo wonyaka ukuze i-HSQY ikwazi ukuvavanya umgangatho wefilimu we-PLA/PBAT ofanelekileyo.

       Nxibelelana ne-HSQY ukuze ufumane iFilimu ye-PLA/PBAT